SWI-Prolog 8.4.0 Reference Manual: Section 6.5

## 6.5 Defining a meta-predicate

A meta-predicate is a predicate that calls other predicates dynamically, modifies a predicate, or reasons about properties of a predicate. Such predicates use either a compound term or a predicate indicator to describe the predicate they address, e.g., `assert(name(jan))` or `abolish(name/1)`. With modules, this simple schema no longer works as each module defines its own mapping from name+arity to predicate. This is resolved by wrapping the original description in a term <module>:<term>, e.g., `assert(person:name(jan))` or `abolish(person:name/1)`.

Of course, when calling assert/1 from inside a module, we expect to assert to a predicate local to this module. In other words, we do not wish to provide this ``:`/2` wrapper by hand. The meta_predicate/1 directive tells the compiler that certain arguments are terms that will be used to look up a predicate and thus need to be wrapped (qualified) with <module>:<term>, unless they are already wrapped.

In the example below, we use this to define maplist/3 inside a module. The argument‘2' in the meta_predicate declaration means that the argument is module-sensitive and refers to a predicate with an arity that is two more than the term that is passed in. The compiler only distinguishes the values 0..9 and ``:``, which denote module-sensitive arguments, from ``+``, ``-`` and ``?``, which denote modes. The values 0..9 are used by the cross-referencer and syntax highlighting. Note that the helper predicate maplist_/3 does not need to be declared as a meta-predicate because the maplist/3 wrapper already ensures that Goal is qualified as <module>:Goal. See the description of meta_predicate/1 for details.

    :- module(maplist, [maplist/3]).
    :- meta_predicate maplist(2, ?, ?).

    %%      maplist(:Goal, +List1, ?List2)
    %
    %       True if Goal can successfully be applied to all
    %       successive pairs of elements from List1 and List2.

    maplist(Goal, L1, L2) :-
            maplist_(L1, L2, Goal).

    maplist_([], [], _).
    maplist_([H0|T0], [H|T], Goal) :-
            call(Goal, H0, H),
            maplist_(T0, T, Goal).

meta_predicate +Head, ...
  Define the predicates referenced by the comma-separated list Head as meta-predicates. Each argument of each head is a meta argument specifier. Defined specifiers are given below. Only 0..9, ``:`` and ``^`` are interpreted; the mode declarations ``+``, ``-`` and ``?`` are ignored.
  0..9
    The argument is a term that is used to reference a predicate with N more arguments than the given argument term. For example: `call(0)` or `maplist(1, +)`.
  `:`
    The argument is module-sensitive, but does not directly refer to a predicate. For example: `consult(:)`.
  `-`
    The argument is not module-sensitive and unbound on entry.
  `?`
    The argument is not module-sensitive and the mode is unspecified.
  `*`
    The argument is not module-sensitive and the mode is unspecified. The specification ``*`` is equivalent to ``?``. It is accepted for compatibility reasons. The predicate predicate_property/2 reports arguments declared using ``*`` with ``?``.
  `+`
    The argument is not module-sensitive and bound (i.e., nonvar) on entry.
  `^`
    This extension is used to denote the possibly `^`-annotated goal of setof/3, bagof/3, aggregate/3 and aggregate/4. It is processed similar to‘0', but leaving the ``^``/2 intact.
  `//`
    The argument is a DCG body. See phrase/3.

  Each argument that is module-sensitive (i.e., marked 0..9, ``:`` or ``^``) is qualified with the context module of the caller if it is not already qualified. The implementation ensures that the argument is passed as <module>:<term>, where <module> is an atom denoting the name of a module and <term> itself is not a ``:`/2` term where the first argument is an atom. Below is a simple declaration and a number of queries.

      :- meta_predicate
              meta(0, +).

      meta(Module:Term, _Arg) :-
              format('Module=~w, Term = ~q~n', [Module, Term]).

      ?- meta(test, x).
      Module=user, Term = test
      ?- meta(m1:test, x).
      Module=m1, Term = test
      ?- m2:meta(test, x).
      Module=m2, Term = test
      ?- m1:meta(m2:test, x).
      Module=m2, Term = test
      ?- meta(m1:m2:test, x).
      Module=m2, Term = test
      ?- meta(m1:42:test, x).
      Module=42, Term = test

  The meta_predicate/1 declaration is the portable mechanism for defining meta-predicates and replaces the old SWI-Prolog specific mechanism provided by the deprecated predicates module_transparent/1, context_module/1 and strip_module/3. See also section 6.16.