/*  $Id$

    Part of SWI-Prolog

    Author:        Jan Wielemaker
    E-mail:        J.Wielemaker@uva.nl
    WWW:           http://www.swi-prolog.org
    Copyright (C): 1985-2011, University of Amsterdam

    This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
    modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
    License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
    version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

    This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
    Lesser General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
    License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
    Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
*/

/*#define O_DEBUG 1*/
#include "pl-incl.h"
#define AC_TERM_WALK_LR 1
#include "pl-termwalk.c"


		 /*******************************
		 *	    COPY TERM		*
		 *******************************/

/* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Copy-term uses the GC marks to mark the state of variables and terms:

	  MARK_MASK   FIRST_MASK
	      0		  0		Virgin
	      1		  0		Visited
	      1		  1		Visited twice (share in copy)
	      0		  1		Ground (share with origin)

Places where we put marks:

	- variables		(virgin/visited/shared)
	- value of attvar	(virgin/visited/shared)
	- definition of term	(virgin/visited/shared/ground)

There   are   two   marking     algorithms:   mark_for_duplicate()   for
duplicate_term/2 that does not try to share with the original and a more
extensive mark_for_copy() that classifies terms as ground. The latter is
a bottom-up process and thus requires pushing the processed nodes on the
stack for re-visit. The algorithm is carefully   designed  to use only a
single cell on a segmented cell for each node processed. This means that
the required stack size is at most 1/2th   of the size of the term being
copied.

mark_for_duplicate() could quite easily return  the required stack-size,
avoiding stack-resizing during the actual copy.  This is much harder for
mark_for_copy() and I doubt that this   makes  much difference in actual
applications.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */

#define VAR_MARK	((0x1<<LMASK_BITS)|TAG_VAR)
#define BOTH_MASK	(MARK_MASK|FIRST_MASK)

#define visited(w)	((w) & BOTH_MASK)
#define visited_once(w) (((w) & BOTH_MASK) == MARK_MASK)
#define virgin(w)	(!visited(w))
#define shared(w)	(((w) & BOTH_MASK) == BOTH_MASK)
#define ground(w)	(((w) & BOTH_MASK) == FIRST_MASK)
#define set_visited(w)	(w |= MARK_MASK)
#define set_shared(w)	(w |= BOTH_MASK)
#define set_ground(w)	(w &= ~MARK_MASK, w |= FIRST_MASK)

#define COPY_SHARE	0x01			/* Share ground terms */
#define COPY_ATTRS	0x02			/* do copy attributes */

static int
mark_for_duplicate(Word p, int flags ARG_LD)
{ term_agenda agenda;

  initTermAgenda(&agenda, 1, p);
  while((p=nextTermAgenda(&agenda)))
  {
  again:
    switch(tag(*p))
    { case TAG_ATTVAR:
      { if ( flags & COPY_ATTRS )
	{ p = valPAttVar(*p);
	  goto again;
	}
	/*FALLTHROUGH*/
      }
      case TAG_VAR:
      { if ( virgin(*p) )
	  set_visited(*p);
        else if ( visited_once(*p) )
	  set_shared(*p);
        break;
      }
      case TAG_COMPOUND:
      { Functor t = valueTerm(*p);
	int arity = arityFunctor(t->definition);

	if ( virgin(t->definition) )
	{ set_visited(t->definition);
	} else
	{ if ( visited_once(t->definition) )
	    set_shared(t->definition);
	  break;
	}

	if ( !pushWorkAgenda(&agenda, arity, t->arguments) )
	  return MEMORY_OVERFLOW;
	continue;
      }
    }
  }
  clearTermAgenda(&agenda);

  return TRUE;
}


/* unshare_attvar() ensures that even ground attvar structures are not
   shared as ground.  We assume that the att/3 structure is not shared
   with anything else.  The shared/unshared distinction is lost during
   the ground marking.
*/

static void
unshare_attvar(Word p ARG_LD)
{ for(;;)
  { deRef(p);

    if ( isTerm(*p) )
    { Functor t = valueTerm(*p);
      word fd = (t->definition & ~BOTH_MASK);

      if ( fd == FUNCTOR_att3 )
      {	t->definition = fd | MARK_MASK;
	p = &t->arguments[2];
      }
    } else
    { break;
    }
  }
}


static int
can_share(Word p ARG_LD)
{
again:
  switch(tag(*p))
  { case TAG_VAR:
    case TAG_ATTVAR:
      return FALSE;
    case TAG_REFERENCE:
      p = unRef(*p);
      goto again;
    case TAG_COMPOUND:
    { Functor t = valueTerm(*p);
      return ground(t->definition);
    }
    default:
      return TRUE;
  }
}


static void
update_ground(Word p ARG_LD)
{ Functor t = valueTerm(*p);
  int arity = arityFunctor(t->definition);
  Word a = &t->arguments[arity];
  int ground = TRUE;

  while(--a >= t->arguments)
  { if ( !can_share(a PASS_LD) )
    { ground = FALSE;
      break;
    }
  }

  if ( ground )
    set_ground(t->definition);
}


static int
pushForMark(segstack *stack, Word p, int wr)
{ word w = ((word)p)|wr;

  return pushSegStack(stack, w, word);
}

static void
popForMark(segstack *stack, Word *pp, int *wr)
{ word w = 0;

  popSegStack(stack, &w, word);
  *wr = w & (word)0x1;
  *pp = (Word)(w & ~(word)0x1);
}


static int
mark_for_copy(Word p, int flags ARG_LD)
{ Word start = p;
  int walk_ref = FALSE;
  Word buf[1024];
  segstack stack;

  initSegStack(&stack, sizeof(Word), sizeof(buf), buf);

  for(;;)
  { switch(tag(*p))
    { case TAG_ATTVAR:
      { if ( flags & COPY_ATTRS )
	{ if ( !pushForMark(&stack, p, walk_ref) )
	  { clearSegStack(&stack);
	    return MEMORY_OVERFLOW;
	  }
	  walk_ref = TRUE;
	  p = valPAttVar(*p);
	  continue;
	}
	/*FALLTHROUGH*/
      }
      case TAG_VAR:
      { if ( virgin(*p) )
	  set_visited(*p);
        else if ( visited_once(*p) )
	  set_shared(*p);
        break;
      }
      case TAG_REFERENCE:
      { if ( !pushForMark(&stack, p, walk_ref) )
	{ clearSegStack(&stack);
	  return MEMORY_OVERFLOW;
	}
	walk_ref = TRUE;
	deRef(p);
	continue;
      }
      case TAG_COMPOUND:
      { Functor t = valueTerm(*p);
	int arity = arityFunctor(t->definition);

	if ( virgin(t->definition) )
	{ set_visited(t->definition);
	} else
	{ if ( visited_once(t->definition) )
	    set_shared(t->definition);
	  break;
	}

	if ( arity >= 1 )
	{ if ( !pushForMark(&stack, p, walk_ref) )
	  { clearSegStack(&stack);
	    return MEMORY_OVERFLOW;
	  }
	  walk_ref = FALSE;
	  p = &t->arguments[arity-1];		/* last argument */
	  continue;
	}
      }
    }

    if ( p == start )
    { clearSegStack(&stack);
      return TRUE;
    }

    while ( walk_ref )
    { popForMark(&stack, &p, &walk_ref);
      if ( isAttVar(*p) )
      { Word ap = valPAttVar(*p);

	unshare_attvar(ap PASS_LD);
      }
      if ( p == start )
      { clearSegStack(&stack);
	return TRUE;
      }
    }

    p--;
    if ( tagex(*p) == (TAG_ATOM|STG_GLOBAL) )
    { popForMark(&stack, &p, &walk_ref);
      update_ground(p PASS_LD);
    }
  }
}


		 /*******************************
		 *	      UNMARKING		*
		 *******************************/

static void
cp_unmark(Word p, int flags ARG_LD)
{ term_agenda agenda;

  initTermAgenda(&agenda, 1, p);
  while((p=nextTermAgenda(&agenda)))
  { again:

    switch(tag(*p))
    { case TAG_ATTVAR:
      { if ( flags & COPY_ATTRS )
	{ p = valPAttVar(*p);
	  goto again;
	}
      }
      case TAG_VAR:
      { *p &= ~BOTH_MASK;
        continue;
      }
      case TAG_COMPOUND:
      { Functor f = valueTerm(*p);

	if ( visited(f->definition) )
	{ f->definition &= ~BOTH_MASK;

	  pushWorkAgenda(&agenda, arityFunctor(f->definition), f->arguments);
	  continue;
	}
      }
    }
  }

  clearTermAgenda(&agenda);
}


static void
initCyclicCopy(ARG1_LD)
{ LD->cycle.lstack.unit_size = sizeof(Word);
}

static int
TrailCyclic(Word p ARG_LD)
{ return pushSegStack(&LD->cycle.lstack, p, Word);
}

static inline void
exitCyclicCopy(int flags ARG_LD)
{ Word p;

  while(popSegStack(&LD->cycle.lstack, &p, Word))
  { if ( isRef(*p) )
    { Word p2 = unRef(*p);

      if ( *p2 == VAR_MARK )		/* sharing variables */
      { setVar(*p2);
	setVar(*p);
      } else
      { *p = *p2 | MARK_MASK;		/* cyclic terms */
      }
    } else
    { Word old;

      popSegStack(&LD->cycle.lstack, &old, Word);

      if ( !(flags&COPY_ATTRS) )
      { Word p2 = valPAttVar(*p & ~BOTH_MASK);

	assert(*p2 == VAR_MARK);
	setVar(*p2);
      }

      *p = consPtr(old, STG_GLOBAL|TAG_ATTVAR);
    }
  }
}


static int
copy_term(Word from, Word to, int flags ARG_LD)
{ term_agendaLR agenda;
  int rc = TRUE;

  initTermAgendaLR(&agenda, 1, from, to);
  while( nextTermAgendaLR(&agenda, &from, &to) )
  {
  again:

    switch(tag(*from))
    { case TAG_REFERENCE:
      { Word p2 = unRef(*from);

	if ( *p2 == VAR_MARK )		/* reference to a copied variable */
	{ *to = makeRef(p2);
	} else
	{ from = p2;			/* normal reference */
	  goto again;
	}

	continue;
      }
      case TAG_VAR:
      { if ( shared(*from) )
	{ *to = VAR_MARK;
	  *from = makeRef(to);
	  TrailCyclic(from PASS_LD);
	} else
	{ setVar(*to);
	}

	continue;
      }
      case TAG_ATTVAR:
	if ( flags&COPY_ATTRS )
	{ Word p = valPAttVar(*from);

	  if ( isAttVar(*p) )		/* already copied */
	  { *to = makeRefG(p);
	  } else
	  { Word attr;

	    if ( !(attr = alloc_attvar(PASS_LD1)) )
	    { rc = GLOBAL_OVERFLOW;
	      goto out;
	    }
	    TrailCyclic(p PASS_LD);
	    TrailCyclic(from PASS_LD);
	    *from = consPtr(attr, STG_GLOBAL|TAG_ATTVAR);
	    *to = makeRefG(attr);

	    from = p;
	    to = &attr[1];
	    goto again;
	  }
	} else
	{ if ( shared(*from) )
	  { Word p = valPAttVar(*from & ~BOTH_MASK);

	    if ( *p == VAR_MARK )
	    { *to = makeRef(p);
	    } else
	    { *to = VAR_MARK;
	      *from = consPtr(to, STG_GLOBAL|TAG_ATTVAR)|BOTH_MASK;
	      TrailCyclic(p PASS_LD);
	      TrailCyclic(from PASS_LD);
	    }
	  } else
	  { setVar(*to);
	  }
	}
	continue;
      case TAG_COMPOUND:
      { Functor ff = valueTerm(*from);

	if ( isRef(ff->definition) )
	{ *to = consPtr(unRef(ff->definition), TAG_COMPOUND|STG_GLOBAL);
	  continue;
	}

	if ( ground(ff->definition) )
	{ *to = *from;
	  continue;
	}

	if ( shared(ff->definition) )
	{ int arity = arityFunctor(ff->definition);
	  Functor ft;

	  if ( !(ft = (Functor)allocGlobalNoShift(arity+1)) )
	  { rc = GLOBAL_OVERFLOW;
	    goto out;
	  }
	  ft->definition = ff->definition & ~BOTH_MASK;
	  ff->definition = makeRefG((Word)ft);
	  TrailCyclic(&ff->definition PASS_LD);
	  *to = consPtr(ft, TAG_COMPOUND|STG_GLOBAL);

	  if ( pushWorkAgendaLR(&agenda, arity, ff->arguments, ft->arguments) )
	    continue;
	  rc = MEMORY_OVERFLOW;
	  goto out;
	} else				/* unshared term */
	{ int arity = arityFunctor(ff->definition);
	  Functor ft;

	  if ( !(ft = (Functor)allocGlobalNoShift(arity+1)) )
	  { rc = GLOBAL_OVERFLOW;
	    goto out;
	  }
	  ft->definition = ff->definition & ~BOTH_MASK;
	  *to = consPtr(ft, TAG_COMPOUND|STG_GLOBAL);

	  if ( pushWorkAgendaLR(&agenda, arity, ff->arguments, ft->arguments) )
	    continue;
	  rc = MEMORY_OVERFLOW;
	  goto out;
	}
      }
      default:
	*to = *from;
        continue;
    }
  }

out:
  clearTermAgendaLR(&agenda);
  return rc;
}


/* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Both from and to  point  to  locations   on  the  global  stack. From is
deferenced and to is a variable.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */

static int
do_copy_term(Word from, Word to, int flags ARG_LD)
{ int rc;

again:
  switch(tag(*from))
  { case TAG_VAR:
      return TRUE;
    case TAG_REFERENCE:
      from = unRef(*from);
      goto again;
    case TAG_ATTVAR:
    case TAG_COMPOUND:
      break;
    default:
      *to = *from;
      return TRUE;
  }

  if ( flags & COPY_SHARE )
  { DEBUG(0, { mark_for_copy(from, flags PASS_LD);
	       cp_unmark(from, flags PASS_LD);
	       checkData(from);
	     });
    mark_for_copy(from, flags PASS_LD);
  } else
  { mark_for_duplicate(from, flags PASS_LD);
  }
  initCyclicCopy(PASS_LD1);
  rc = copy_term(from, to, flags PASS_LD);
  exitCyclicCopy(flags PASS_LD);
  cp_unmark(from, flags PASS_LD);
/*DEBUG(0, if ( rc == TRUE )		May lead to "Reference to higher address"
	   { checkData(from);
             checkData(to);
	   });
*/

  return rc;
}


static int
copy_term_refs(term_t from, term_t to, int flags ARG_LD)
{ for(;;)
  { fid_t fid;
    int rc;
    Word dest, src;

    if ( !(fid = PL_open_foreign_frame()) )
      return FALSE;			/* no space */

    if ( !(dest = allocGlobal(1)) )	/* make a variable on the global */
      return FALSE;			/* stack */
    setVar(*dest);
    *valTermRef(to) = makeRef(dest);
    src = valTermRef(from);

    rc = do_copy_term(src, dest, flags PASS_LD);

    if ( rc < 0 )			/* no space for copy */
    { PL_discard_foreign_frame(fid);
      PL_put_variable(to);		/* gc consistency */
      if ( !makeMoreStackSpace(rc, ALLOW_SHIFT|ALLOW_GC) )
	return FALSE;
    } else
    { PL_close_foreign_frame(fid);
      DEBUG(CHK_SECURE,
	    { checkData(valTermRef(from));
	      checkData(valTermRef(to));
	      checkStacks(NULL);
	    });
      return TRUE;		/* if do_copy_term() == FALSE --> not-ground */
    }
  }
}


static
PRED_IMPL("copy_term", 2, copy_term, 0)
{ PRED_LD
  term_t copy = PL_new_term_ref();

  if ( copy_term_refs(A1, copy, COPY_SHARE|COPY_ATTRS PASS_LD) )
    return PL_unify(copy, A2);

  fail;
}


int
duplicate_term(term_t in, term_t copy ARG_LD)
{ return copy_term_refs(in, copy, COPY_ATTRS PASS_LD);
}


static
PRED_IMPL("duplicate_term", 2, duplicate_term, 0)
{ PRED_LD

  if ( PL_is_atomic(A1) )
  { return PL_unify(A1, A2);
  } else
  { term_t copy = PL_new_term_ref();

    if ( duplicate_term(A1, copy PASS_LD) )
      return PL_unify(copy, A2);

    fail;
  }
}


static
PRED_IMPL("copy_term_nat", 2, copy_term_nat, 0)
{ PRED_LD
  term_t copy = PL_new_term_ref();

  if ( copy_term_refs(A1, copy, COPY_SHARE PASS_LD) )
    return PL_unify(copy, A2);

  fail;
}


		 /*******************************
		 *      PUBLISH PREDICATES	*
		 *******************************/

BeginPredDefs(copyterm)
  PRED_DEF("copy_term", 2, copy_term, PL_FA_ISO)
  PRED_DEF("duplicate_term", 2, duplicate_term, 0)
  PRED_DEF("copy_term_nat", 2, copy_term_nat, 0)
EndPredDefs
