/******************************************************************************
 *
 * Project:  PDF driver
 * Purpose:  GDALDataset driver for PDF dataset.
 * Author:   Even Rouault, <even dot rouault at spatialys.com>
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 *
 * Support for open-source PDFium library
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2015 Klokan Technologies GmbH (http://www.klokantech.com/)
 * Author: Martin Mikita <martin.mikita@klokantech.com>, xmikit00 @ FIT VUT Brno
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2010-2014, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys.com>
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
 * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
 * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
 * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
 * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
 * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
 * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
 * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
 * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 ****************************************************************************/

#include "gdal_pdf.h"

#include "cpl_vsi_virtual.h"
#include "cpl_spawn.h"
#include "cpl_string.h"
#include "gdal_frmts.h"
#include "ogr_spatialref.h"
#include "ogr_geometry.h"

#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER
#include "cpl_multiproc.h"
#include "pdfio.h"
#endif // HAVE_POPPLER

#include "pdfcreatecopy.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <set>

#define GDAL_DEFAULT_DPI 150.0

#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
// To be able to use https://github.com/rouault/pdfium_build_gdal_3_5/releases/download/v1_pdfium_5106/install-win10-vs2019-x64-rev5106.zip
// with newer Visual Studio versions.
// Trick from https://github.com/conan-io/conan-center-index/issues/4826
#if _MSC_VER >= 1932 // Visual Studio 2022 version 17.2+
#    pragma comment(linker, "/alternatename:__imp___std_init_once_complete=__imp_InitOnceComplete")
#    pragma comment(linker, "/alternatename:__imp___std_init_once_begin_initialize=__imp_InitOnceBeginInitialize")
#endif
#endif

/* g++ -fPIC -g -Wall frmts/pdf/pdfdataset.cpp -shared -o gdal_PDF.so -Iport -Igcore -Iogr -L. -lgdal -lpoppler -I/usr/include/poppler */

CPL_CVSID("$Id$")

#ifdef HAVE_PDF_READ_SUPPORT

#if defined(HAVE_PDFIUM) && defined(HAVE_POPPLER)
#define HAVE_MULTIPLE_PDF_BACKENDS
#elif defined(HAVE_PDFIUM) && defined(HAVE_PODOFO)
#define HAVE_MULTIPLE_PDF_BACKENDS
#elif defined(HAVE_POPPLER) && defined(HAVE_PODOFO)
#define HAVE_MULTIPLE_PDF_BACKENDS
#endif

static const char* const szOpenOptionList =
"<OpenOptionList>"
#if defined(HAVE_POPPLER) || defined(HAVE_PDFIUM)
"  <Option name='RENDERING_OPTIONS' type='string-select' description='Which graphical elements to render' default='RASTER,VECTOR,TEXT' alt_config_option='GDAL_PDF_RENDERING_OPTIONS'>"
"     <Value>RASTER,VECTOR,TEXT</Value>\n"
"     <Value>RASTER,VECTOR</Value>\n"
"     <Value>RASTER,TEXT</Value>\n"
"     <Value>RASTER</Value>\n"
"     <Value>VECTOR,TEXT</Value>\n"
"     <Value>VECTOR</Value>\n"
"     <Value>TEXT</Value>\n"
"  </Option>"
#endif
"  <Option name='DPI' type='float' description='Resolution in Dot Per Inch' default='72' alt_config_option='GDAL_PDF_DPI'/>"
"  <Option name='USER_PWD' type='string' description='Password' alt_config_option='PDF_USER_PWD'/>"
#ifdef HAVE_MULTIPLE_PDF_BACKENDS
"  <Option name='PDF_LIB' type='string-select' description='Which underlying PDF library to use' "
#if defined(HAVE_PDFIUM)
  "default='PDFIUM'"
#elif defined(HAVE_POPPLER)
  "default='POPPLER'"
#elif defined(HAVE_PODOFO)
  "default='PODOFO'"
#endif  // ~ default PDF_LIB
  " alt_config_option='GDAL_PDF_LIB'>"
#if defined(HAVE_POPPLER)
"     <Value>POPPLER</Value>\n"
#endif  // HAVE_POPPLER
#if defined(HAVE_PODOFO)
"     <Value>PODOFO</Value>\n"
#endif  // HAVE_PODOFO
#if defined(HAVE_PDFIUM)
"     <Value>PDFIUM</Value>\n"
#endif  // HAVE_PDFIUM
"  </Option>"
#endif // HAVE_MULTIPLE_PDF_BACKENDS
"  <Option name='LAYERS' type='string' description='List of layers (comma separated) to turn ON (or ALL to turn all layers ON)' alt_config_option='GDAL_PDF_LAYERS'/>"
"  <Option name='LAYERS_OFF' type='string' description='List of layers (comma separated) to turn OFF' alt_config_option='GDAL_PDF_LAYERS_OFF'/>"
"  <Option name='BANDS' type='string-select' description='Number of raster bands' default='3' alt_config_option='GDAL_PDF_BANDS'>"
"     <Value>3</Value>\n"
"     <Value>4</Value>\n"
"  </Option>"
"  <Option name='NEATLINE' type='string' description='The name of the neatline to select' alt_config_option='GDAL_PDF_NEATLINE'/>"
"</OpenOptionList>";

static double Get(GDALPDFObject* poObj, int nIndice = -1);

#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER

static CPLMutex* hGlobalParamsMutex = nullptr;

/************************************************************************/
/*                          ObjectAutoFree                              */
/************************************************************************/

class ObjectAutoFree : public Object
{
    Object obj;

public:
    ObjectAutoFree() {}
    ~ObjectAutoFree() {
#if !(POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 58)
        obj.free();
#endif
    }

    Object* getObj() { return &obj; }
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALPDFOutputDev                             */
/************************************************************************/

class GDALPDFOutputDev : public SplashOutputDev
{
    private:
        int bEnableVector;
        int bEnableText;
        int bEnableBitmap;

        void skipBytes(Stream *str,
                       int width, int height,
                       int nComps, int nBits)
        {
            int nVals = width * nComps;
            int nLineSize = (nVals * nBits + 7) >> 3;
            int nBytes = nLineSize * height;
            for (int i = 0; i < nBytes; i++)
            {
                if( str->getChar() == EOF)
                    break;
            }
        }

    public:
        GDALPDFOutputDev(SplashColorMode colorModeA, int bitmapRowPadA,
                         GBool reverseVideoA, SplashColorPtr paperColorA) :
                SplashOutputDev(colorModeA, bitmapRowPadA,
                                reverseVideoA, paperColorA),
                bEnableVector(TRUE),
                bEnableText(TRUE),
                bEnableBitmap(TRUE) {}

        void SetEnableVector(int bFlag) { bEnableVector = bFlag; }
        void SetEnableText(int bFlag) { bEnableText = bFlag; }
        void SetEnableBitmap(int bFlag) { bEnableBitmap = bFlag; }

        virtual void startPage(int pageNum, GfxState *state,XRef* xrefIn
        ) override
        {
            SplashOutputDev::startPage(pageNum, state,xrefIn);
            SplashBitmap* poBitmap = getBitmap();
            memset(poBitmap->getDataPtr(), 255, poBitmap->getRowSize() * poBitmap->getHeight());
        }

        virtual void stroke(GfxState * state) override
        {
            if (bEnableVector)
                SplashOutputDev::stroke(state);
        }

        virtual void fill(GfxState * state) override
        {
            if (bEnableVector)
                SplashOutputDev::fill(state);
        }

        virtual void eoFill(GfxState * state) override
        {
            if (bEnableVector)
                SplashOutputDev::eoFill(state);
        }

        virtual void drawChar(GfxState *state, double x, double y,
                              double dx, double dy,
                              double originX, double originY,
                              CharCode code, int nBytes,
#if POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 82
                              const
#endif
                              Unicode *u, int uLen) override
        {
            if (bEnableText)
                SplashOutputDev::drawChar(state, x, y, dx, dy,
                                          originX, originY,
                                          code, nBytes, u, uLen);
        }

        virtual void beginTextObject(GfxState *state) override
        {
            if (bEnableText)
                SplashOutputDev::beginTextObject(state);
        }

        virtual void endTextObject(GfxState *state) override
        {
            if (bEnableText)
                SplashOutputDev::endTextObject(state);
        }

        virtual void drawImageMask(GfxState *state, Object *ref, Stream *str,
                                   int width, int height, GBool invert,
                                   GBool interpolate, GBool inlineImg) override
        {
            if (bEnableBitmap)
                SplashOutputDev::drawImageMask(state, ref, str,
                                               width, height, invert,
                                               interpolate, inlineImg);
            else
            {
                str->reset();
                if (inlineImg)
                {
                    skipBytes(str, width, height, 1, 1);
                }
                str->close();
            }
        }

        virtual void setSoftMaskFromImageMask(GfxState *state,
                            Object *ref, Stream *str,
                            int width, int height, GBool invert,
                            GBool inlineImg, double *baseMatrix) override
        {
            if (bEnableBitmap)
                SplashOutputDev::setSoftMaskFromImageMask(state, ref, str,
                                               width, height, invert,
                                               inlineImg, baseMatrix);
            else
                str->close();
        }

        virtual void unsetSoftMaskFromImageMask(GfxState *state, double *baseMatrix) override
        {
            if (bEnableBitmap)
                SplashOutputDev::unsetSoftMaskFromImageMask(state, baseMatrix);
        }

        virtual void drawImage(GfxState *state, Object *ref, Stream *str,
                               int width, int height, GfxImageColorMap *colorMap,
                               GBool interpolate,
#if POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 82
                               const
#endif
                               int *maskColors,
                               GBool inlineImg) override
        {
            if (bEnableBitmap)
                SplashOutputDev::drawImage(state, ref, str,
                                           width, height, colorMap,
                                           interpolate, maskColors, inlineImg);
            else
            {
                str->reset();
                if (inlineImg)
                {
                    skipBytes(str, width, height,
                              colorMap->getNumPixelComps(),
                              colorMap->getBits());
                }
                str->close();
            }
        }

        virtual void drawMaskedImage(GfxState *state, Object *ref, Stream *str,
                                     int width, int height,
                                     GfxImageColorMap *colorMap,
                                     GBool interpolate,
                                     Stream *maskStr, int maskWidth, int maskHeight,
                                     GBool maskInvert, GBool maskInterpolate) override
        {
            if (bEnableBitmap)
                SplashOutputDev::drawMaskedImage(state, ref, str,
                                                 width, height, colorMap,
                                                 interpolate,
                                                 maskStr, maskWidth, maskHeight,
                                                 maskInvert, maskInterpolate);
            else
                str->close();
        }

        virtual void drawSoftMaskedImage(GfxState *state, Object *ref, Stream *str,
                                         int width, int height,
                                         GfxImageColorMap *colorMap,
                                         GBool interpolate,
                                         Stream *maskStr,
                                         int maskWidth, int maskHeight,
                                         GfxImageColorMap *maskColorMap,
                                         GBool maskInterpolate) override
        {
            if (bEnableBitmap)
            {
                if( maskColorMap->getBits() <= 0 ) /* workaround poppler bug (robustness) */
                {
                    str->close();
                    return;
                }
                SplashOutputDev::drawSoftMaskedImage(state, ref, str,
                                                     width, height, colorMap,
                                                     interpolate,
                                                     maskStr, maskWidth, maskHeight,
                                                     maskColorMap, maskInterpolate);
            }
            else
                str->close();
        }
};

#endif  // ~ HAVE_POPPLER

/************************************************************************/
/*                         Dump routines                                */
/************************************************************************/

class GDALPDFDumper
{
    private:
        FILE* f;
        int   nDepthLimit;
        std::set< int > aoSetObjectExplored;
        int   bDumpParent;

        void DumpSimplified(GDALPDFObject* poObj);

    public:
        GDALPDFDumper(const char* pszFilename,
                      const char* pszDumpFile, int nDepthLimitIn = -1) : nDepthLimit(nDepthLimitIn)
        {
            bDumpParent = CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("PDF_DUMP_PARENT", "FALSE"));
            if (strcmp(pszDumpFile, "stderr") == 0)
                f = stderr;
            else if (EQUAL(pszDumpFile, "YES"))
                f = fopen(CPLSPrintf("dump_%s.txt", CPLGetFilename(pszFilename)), "wt");
            else
                f = fopen(pszDumpFile, "wt");
            if (f == nullptr)
                f = stderr;
        }

        ~GDALPDFDumper()
        {
            if( f != stderr )
                fclose(f);
        }

        void Dump(GDALPDFObject* poObj, int nDepth = 0);
        void Dump(GDALPDFDictionary* poDict, int nDepth = 0);
        void Dump(GDALPDFArray* poArray, int nDepth = 0);
};

void GDALPDFDumper::Dump(GDALPDFArray* poArray, int nDepth)
{
    if (nDepthLimit >= 0 && nDepth > nDepthLimit)
        return;

    int nLength = poArray->GetLength();
    int i;
    CPLString osIndent;
    for(i=0;i<nDepth;i++)
        osIndent += " ";
    for(i=0;i<nLength;i++)
    {
        fprintf(f, "%sItem[%d]:", osIndent.c_str(), i);
        GDALPDFObject* poObj = nullptr;
        if ((poObj = poArray->Get(i)) != nullptr)
        {
            if (poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String ||
                poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Null ||
                poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Bool ||
                poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Int ||
                poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Real ||
                poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Name)
            {
                fprintf(f, " ");
                DumpSimplified(poObj);
                fprintf(f, "\n");
            }
            else
            {
                fprintf(f, "\n");
                Dump( poObj, nDepth+1);
            }
        }
    }
}

void GDALPDFDumper::DumpSimplified(GDALPDFObject* poObj)
{
    switch(poObj->GetType())
    {
        case PDFObjectType_String:
            fprintf(f, "%s (string)", poObj->GetString().c_str());
            break;

        case PDFObjectType_Null:
            fprintf(f, "null");
            break;

        case PDFObjectType_Bool:
            fprintf(f, "%s (bool)", poObj->GetBool() ? "true" : "false");
            break;

        case PDFObjectType_Int:
            fprintf(f, "%d (int)", poObj->GetInt());
            break;

        case PDFObjectType_Real:
            fprintf(f, "%f (real)", poObj->GetReal());
            break;

        case PDFObjectType_Name:
            fprintf(f, "%s (name)", poObj->GetName().c_str());
            break;

        default:
            fprintf(f, "unknown !");
            break;
    }
}

void GDALPDFDumper::Dump(GDALPDFObject* poObj, int nDepth)
{
    if (nDepthLimit >= 0 && nDepth > nDepthLimit)
        return;

    int i;
    CPLString osIndent;
    for(i=0;i<nDepth;i++)
        osIndent += " ";
    fprintf(f, "%sType = %s",
            osIndent.c_str(), poObj->GetTypeName());
    int nRefNum = poObj->GetRefNum().toInt();
    if (nRefNum != 0)
        fprintf(f, ", Num = %d, Gen = %d",
                nRefNum, poObj->GetRefGen());
    fprintf(f, "\n");

    if (nRefNum != 0)
    {
        if (aoSetObjectExplored.find(nRefNum) != aoSetObjectExplored.end())
            return;
        aoSetObjectExplored.insert(nRefNum);
    }

    switch(poObj->GetType())
    {
        case PDFObjectType_Array:
            Dump(poObj->GetArray(), nDepth+1);
            break;

        case PDFObjectType_Dictionary:
            Dump(poObj->GetDictionary(), nDepth+1);
            break;

        case PDFObjectType_String:
        case PDFObjectType_Null:
        case PDFObjectType_Bool:
        case PDFObjectType_Int:
        case PDFObjectType_Real:
        case PDFObjectType_Name:
            fprintf(f, "%s", osIndent.c_str());
            DumpSimplified(poObj);
            fprintf(f, "\n");
            break;

        default:
            fprintf(f, "%s", osIndent.c_str());
            fprintf(f, "unknown !\n");
            break;
    }

    GDALPDFStream* poStream = poObj->GetStream();
    if (poStream != nullptr)
    {
        fprintf(f, "%sHas stream (%d uncompressed bytes, %d raw bytes)\n",
                osIndent.c_str(), poStream->GetLength(), poStream->GetRawLength());
    }
}

void GDALPDFDumper::Dump(GDALPDFDictionary* poDict, int nDepth)
{
    if (nDepthLimit >= 0 && nDepth > nDepthLimit)
        return;

    std::map<CPLString, GDALPDFObject*>& oMap = poDict->GetValues();
    std::map<CPLString, GDALPDFObject*>::iterator oIter = oMap.begin();
    std::map<CPLString, GDALPDFObject*>::iterator oEnd = oMap.end();
    int i;
    CPLString osIndent;
    for(i=0;i<nDepth;i++)
        osIndent += " ";
    for(i=0;oIter != oEnd;++oIter, i++)
    {
        const char* pszKey = oIter->first.c_str();
        fprintf(f, "%sItem[%d] : %s", osIndent.c_str(), i, pszKey);
        GDALPDFObject* poObj = oIter->second;
        if (strcmp(pszKey, "Parent") == 0 && !bDumpParent)
        {
            if (poObj->GetRefNum().toBool())
                fprintf(f, ", Num = %d, Gen = %d",
                        poObj->GetRefNum().toInt(), poObj->GetRefGen());
            fprintf(f, "\n");
            continue;
        }
        if (poObj != nullptr)
        {
            if (poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String ||
                poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Null ||
                poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Bool ||
                poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Int ||
                poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Real ||
                poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Name)
            {
                fprintf(f, " = ");
                DumpSimplified(poObj);
                fprintf(f, "\n");
            }
            else
            {
                fprintf(f, "\n");
                Dump(poObj, nDepth+1);
            }
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         PDFRasterBand()                              */
/************************************************************************/

PDFRasterBand::PDFRasterBand( PDFDataset *poDSIn, int nBandIn,
                              int nResolutionLevelIn ) :
    nResolutionLevel(nResolutionLevelIn)
{
    poDS = poDSIn;
    nBand = nBandIn;

    eDataType = GDT_Byte;

    if( nResolutionLevel > 0 )
    {
        nBlockXSize = 256;
        nBlockYSize = 256;
        poDSIn->SetMetadataItem( "INTERLEAVE", "PIXEL", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE" );
    }
    else if( poDSIn->nBlockXSize )
    {
        nBlockXSize = poDSIn->nBlockXSize;
        nBlockYSize = poDSIn->nBlockYSize;
    }
    else if( poDSIn->GetRasterXSize() < 64 * 1024 * 1024 / poDSIn->GetRasterYSize() )
    {
        nBlockXSize = poDSIn->GetRasterXSize();
        nBlockYSize = 1;
    }
    else
    {
        nBlockXSize = std::min(1024, poDSIn->GetRasterXSize());
        nBlockYSize = std::min(1024, poDSIn->GetRasterYSize());
        poDSIn->SetMetadataItem( "INTERLEAVE", "PIXEL", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE" );
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         InitOverviews()                              */
/************************************************************************/

#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
void PDFDataset::InitOverviews()
{
    // Only if used pdfium, make "arbitrary overviews"
    // Blocks are 256x256
    if(bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PDFIUM) &&
       ((GDALPamRasterBand*)GetRasterBand(1))->GDALPamRasterBand::GetOverviewCount() == 0)
    {
        int nXSize = nRasterXSize;
        int nYSize = nRasterYSize;
        int blockXSize = 256;
        int blockYSize = 256;
        int nDiscard = 1;
        while (nXSize > blockXSize || nYSize > blockYSize)
        {
            nXSize = (nXSize+1) / 2;
            nYSize = (nYSize+1) / 2;

            PDFDataset* poOvrDS = new PDFDataset(this, nXSize, nYSize);
            apoOvrDS.push_back(poOvrDS);

            for(int i=0;i<nBands;i++)
                poOvrDS->SetBand( i+1, new PDFRasterBand(poOvrDS, i+1, nDiscard) );

            ++nDiscard;
        }
    }
}
#endif

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GetColorInterpretation()                      */
/************************************************************************/

GDALColorInterp PDFRasterBand::GetColorInterpretation()
{
    PDFDataset *poGDS = (PDFDataset *) poDS;
    if (poGDS->nBands == 1)
        return GCI_GrayIndex;
    else
        return (GDALColorInterp)(GCI_RedBand + (nBand - 1));
}

#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetOverviewCount()                          */
/************************************************************************/

int PDFRasterBand::GetOverviewCount()
{
    if( GDALPamRasterBand::GetOverviewCount() > 0 )
        return GDALPamRasterBand::GetOverviewCount();
    else
    {
        PDFDataset *poGDS = (PDFDataset *) poDS;
        return (int)poGDS->apoOvrDS.size();
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetOverview()                             */
/************************************************************************/

GDALRasterBand* PDFRasterBand::GetOverview( int iOverviewIndex)
{
    if( GDALPamRasterBand::GetOverviewCount() > 0 )
        return GDALPamRasterBand::GetOverview( iOverviewIndex );

    else if( iOverviewIndex < 0 || iOverviewIndex >= GetOverviewCount() )
        return nullptr;
    else
    {
        PDFDataset *poGDS = (PDFDataset *) poDS;
        return poGDS->apoOvrDS[iOverviewIndex]->GetRasterBand(nBand);
    }
}

#endif  // ~ HAVE_PDFIUM

/************************************************************************/
/*                           ~PDFRasterBand()                           */
/************************************************************************/

PDFRasterBand::~PDFRasterBand()
{
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         IReadBlockFromTile()                         */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDFRasterBand::IReadBlockFromTile( int nBlockXOff, int nBlockYOff,
                                          void * pImage )

{
    PDFDataset *poGDS = (PDFDataset *) poDS;

    int nReqXSize = nBlockXSize;
    int nReqYSize = nBlockYSize;
    if( (nBlockXOff + 1) * nBlockXSize > nRasterXSize )
        nReqXSize = nRasterXSize - nBlockXOff * nBlockXSize;
    if( (nBlockYOff + 1) * nBlockYSize > nRasterYSize )
        nReqYSize = nRasterYSize - nBlockYOff * nBlockYSize;

    int nXBlocks = DIV_ROUND_UP(nRasterXSize, nBlockXSize);
    int iTile = poGDS->aiTiles[nBlockYOff * nXBlocks + nBlockXOff];
    if( iTile < 0 )
    {
        memset(pImage, 0, nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize);
        return CE_None;
    }

    GDALPDFTileDesc& sTile = poGDS->asTiles[iTile];
    GDALPDFObject* poImage = sTile.poImage;

    if( nBand == 4 )
    {
        GDALPDFDictionary* poImageDict = poImage->GetDictionary();
        GDALPDFObject* poSMask = poImageDict->Get("SMask");
        if( poSMask != nullptr && poSMask->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary )
        {
            GDALPDFDictionary* poSMaskDict = poSMask->GetDictionary();
            GDALPDFObject* poWidth = poSMaskDict->Get("Width");
            GDALPDFObject* poHeight = poSMaskDict->Get("Height");
            GDALPDFObject* poColorSpace = poSMaskDict->Get("ColorSpace");
            GDALPDFObject* poBitsPerComponent = poSMaskDict->Get("BitsPerComponent");
            int nBits = 0;
            if( poBitsPerComponent )
                nBits = (int)Get(poBitsPerComponent);
            if (poWidth && Get(poWidth) == nReqXSize &&
                poHeight && Get(poHeight) == nReqYSize &&
                poColorSpace && poColorSpace->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Name &&
                poColorSpace->GetName() == "DeviceGray" &&
                (nBits == 1 || nBits == 8) )
            {
                GDALPDFStream* poStream = poSMask->GetStream();
                GByte* pabyStream = nullptr;

                if( poStream == nullptr )
                    return CE_Failure;

                pabyStream = (GByte*) poStream->GetBytes();
                if( pabyStream == nullptr )
                    return CE_Failure;

                int nReqXSize1 = (nReqXSize + 7) / 8;
                if( (nBits == 8 && poStream->GetLength() != nReqXSize * nReqYSize) ||
                    (nBits == 1 && poStream->GetLength() != nReqXSize1 * nReqYSize) )
                {
                    VSIFree(pabyStream);
                    return CE_Failure;
                }

                GByte* pabyData = (GByte*) pImage;
                if( nReqXSize != nBlockXSize || nReqYSize != nBlockYSize )
                {
                    memset(pabyData, 0, nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize);
                }

                if( nBits == 8 )
                {
                    for(int j = 0; j < nReqYSize; j++)
                    {
                        for(int i = 0; i < nReqXSize; i++)
                        {
                            pabyData[j * nBlockXSize + i] = pabyStream[j * nReqXSize + i];
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    for(int j = 0; j < nReqYSize; j++)
                    {
                        for(int i = 0; i < nReqXSize; i++)
                        {
                            if( pabyStream[j * nReqXSize1 + i / 8] & (1 << (7 - (i % 8))) )
                                pabyData[j * nBlockXSize + i] = 255;
                            else
                                pabyData[j * nBlockXSize + i] = 0;
                        }
                    }
                }

                VSIFree(pabyStream);
                return CE_None;
            }
        }

        memset(pImage, 255, nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize);
        return CE_None;
    }

    if( poGDS->nLastBlockXOff == nBlockXOff &&
        poGDS->nLastBlockYOff == nBlockYOff &&
        poGDS->pabyCachedData != nullptr )
    {
#ifdef DEBUG
        CPLDebug("PDF", "Using cached block (%d, %d)",
                 nBlockXOff, nBlockYOff);
#endif
        // do nothing
    }
    else
    {
        if (poGDS->bTried == FALSE)
        {
            poGDS->bTried = TRUE;
            poGDS->pabyCachedData = (GByte*)VSIMalloc3(3, nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize);
        }
        if (poGDS->pabyCachedData == nullptr)
            return CE_Failure;

        GDALPDFStream* poStream = poImage->GetStream();
        GByte* pabyStream = nullptr;

        if( poStream == nullptr )
            return CE_Failure;

        pabyStream = (GByte*) poStream->GetBytes();
        if( pabyStream == nullptr )
            return CE_Failure;

        if( poStream->GetLength() != sTile.nBands * nReqXSize * nReqYSize)
        {
            VSIFree(pabyStream);
            return CE_Failure;
        }

        memcpy(poGDS->pabyCachedData, pabyStream, poStream->GetLength());
        VSIFree(pabyStream);
        poGDS->nLastBlockXOff = nBlockXOff;
        poGDS->nLastBlockYOff = nBlockYOff;
    }

    GByte* pabyData = (GByte*) pImage;
    if( nBand != 4 && (nReqXSize != nBlockXSize || nReqYSize != nBlockYSize) )
    {
        memset(pabyData, 0, nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize);
    }

    if( poGDS->nBands >= 3 && sTile.nBands == 3 )
    {
        for(int j = 0; j < nReqYSize; j++)
        {
            for(int i = 0; i < nReqXSize; i++)
            {
                pabyData[j * nBlockXSize + i] = poGDS->pabyCachedData[3 * (j * nReqXSize + i) + nBand - 1];
            }
        }
    }
    else if( sTile.nBands == 1 )
    {
        for(int j = 0; j < nReqYSize; j++)
        {
            for(int i = 0; i < nReqXSize; i++)
            {
                pabyData[j * nBlockXSize + i] = poGDS->pabyCachedData[j * nReqXSize + i];
            }
        }
    }

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IReadBlock()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDFRasterBand::IReadBlock( int nBlockXOff, int nBlockYOff,
                                  void * pImage )

{
    PDFDataset *poGDS = (PDFDataset *) poDS;

    if (!poGDS->aiTiles.empty() )
    {
        if ( IReadBlockFromTile(nBlockXOff, nBlockYOff,
                                pImage) == CE_None )
        {
            return CE_None;
        }
        else
        {
            poGDS->aiTiles.resize(0);
            poGDS->bTried = FALSE;
            CPLFree(poGDS->pabyCachedData);
            poGDS->pabyCachedData = nullptr;
            poGDS->nLastBlockXOff = -1;
            poGDS->nLastBlockYOff = -1;
        }
    }

    int nReqXSize = nBlockXSize;
    int nReqYSize = nBlockYSize;
    if( (nBlockXOff + 1) * nBlockXSize > nRasterXSize )
        nReqXSize = nRasterXSize - nBlockXOff * nBlockXSize;
    if( nBlockYSize == 1 )
        nReqYSize = nRasterYSize;
    else if( (nBlockYOff + 1) * nBlockYSize > nRasterYSize )
        nReqYSize = nRasterYSize - nBlockYOff * nBlockYSize;

    if (poGDS->bTried == FALSE)
    {
        poGDS->bTried = TRUE;
        if( nBlockYSize == 1 )
            poGDS->pabyCachedData = static_cast<GByte *>(
                VSIMalloc3(std::max(3, poGDS->nBands),
                           nRasterXSize, nRasterYSize));
        else
          poGDS->pabyCachedData = static_cast<GByte *>(
              VSIMalloc3(std::max(3, poGDS->nBands),
                         nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize));
    }
    if (poGDS->pabyCachedData == nullptr)
        return CE_Failure;

    if( poGDS->nLastBlockXOff == nBlockXOff &&
        (nBlockYSize == 1 || poGDS->nLastBlockYOff == nBlockYOff) &&
        poGDS->pabyCachedData != nullptr )
    {
        /*CPLDebug("PDF", "Using cached block (%d, %d)",
                 nBlockXOff, nBlockYOff);*/
        // do nothing
    }
    else
    {
#ifdef HAVE_PODOFO
        if (poGDS->bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PODOFO) && nBand == 4)
        {
            memset(pImage, 255, nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize);
            return CE_None;
        }
#endif

        const int nReqXOff = nBlockXOff * nBlockXSize;
        const int nReqYOff = (nBlockYSize == 1) ? 0 : nBlockYOff * nBlockYSize;
        const GSpacing nPixelSpace = 1;
        const GSpacing nLineSpace = nBlockXSize;
        const GSpacing nBandSpace = static_cast<GSpacing>(nBlockXSize) * ((nBlockYSize == 1) ? nRasterYSize : nBlockYSize);

        CPLErr eErr = poGDS->ReadPixels( nReqXOff,
                                         nReqYOff,
                                         nReqXSize,
                                         nReqYSize,
                                         nPixelSpace,
                                         nLineSpace,
                                         nBandSpace,
                                         poGDS->pabyCachedData );

        if( eErr == CE_None )
        {
            poGDS->nLastBlockXOff = nBlockXOff;
            poGDS->nLastBlockYOff = nBlockYOff;
        }
        else
        {
            CPLFree(poGDS->pabyCachedData);
            poGDS->pabyCachedData = nullptr;
        }
    }
    if (poGDS->pabyCachedData == nullptr)
        return CE_Failure;

    if( nBlockYSize == 1 )
        memcpy(pImage,
               poGDS->pabyCachedData + (nBand - 1) * nBlockXSize * nRasterYSize + nBlockYOff * nBlockXSize,
               nBlockXSize);
    else
        memcpy(pImage,
               poGDS->pabyCachedData + (nBand - 1) * nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize,
               nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize);

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                    PDFEnterPasswordFromConsoleIfNeeded()             */
/************************************************************************/

static const char* PDFEnterPasswordFromConsoleIfNeeded(const char* pszUserPwd)
{
    if (EQUAL(pszUserPwd, "ASK_INTERACTIVE"))
    {
        static char szPassword[81];
        printf( "Enter password (will be echo'ed in the console): " );/*ok*/
        if (nullptr == fgets( szPassword, sizeof(szPassword), stdin ))
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Error getting password.\n");/*ok*/
        }
        szPassword[sizeof(szPassword)-1] = 0;
        char* sz10 = strchr(szPassword, '\n');
        if (sz10)
            *sz10 = 0;
        return szPassword;
    }
    return pszUserPwd;
}

#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM

/************************************************************************/
/*                         Pdfium Load/Unload                           */
/* Copyright (C) 2015 Klokan Technologies GmbH (http://www.klokantech.com/) */
/* Author: Martin Mikita <martin.mikita@klokantech.com>                 */
/************************************************************************/

// Flag for calling PDFium Init and Destroy methods
int PDFDataset::bPdfiumInit = FALSE;

// Pdfium global read mutex - Pdfium is not multi-thread
static CPLMutex * g_oPdfiumReadMutex = nullptr;
static CPLMutex * g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex = nullptr;

// Comparison of char* for std::map
struct cmp_str
{
   bool operator()(char const *a, char const *b) const
   {
      return strcmp(a, b) < 0;
   }
};

static int GDALPdfiumGetBlock(void* param, unsigned long position, unsigned char* pBuf, unsigned long size)
{
    VSILFILE* fp = (VSILFILE*)param;
    VSIFSeekL(fp, position, SEEK_SET);
    return VSIFReadL(pBuf, size, 1, fp) == 1;
}

// List of all PDF datasets
typedef std::map<char*, TPdfiumDocumentStruct*, cmp_str>    TMapPdfiumDatasets;
static TMapPdfiumDatasets g_mPdfiumDatasets;

/**
 * Loading PDFIUM page
 * - multithreading requires "mutex"
 * - one page can require too much RAM
 * - we will have one document per filename and one object per page
 */

static
int LoadPdfiumDocumentPage(
    const char* pszFilename, const char* pszUserPwd,
    int pageNum, TPdfiumDocumentStruct** doc, TPdfiumPageStruct** page,
    int *pnPageCount )
{
  // Prepare nullptr for error returning
  if(doc)
    *doc = nullptr;
  if(page)
    *page = nullptr;
  if(pnPageCount)
    *pnPageCount = 0;

  // Loading document and page must be only in one thread!
  CPLCreateOrAcquireMutex(&g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex, PDFIUM_MUTEX_TIMEOUT);

  // Library can be destroyed if every PDF dataset was closed!
  if(!PDFDataset::bPdfiumInit) {
    FPDF_InitLibrary();
    PDFDataset::bPdfiumInit = TRUE;
  }

  TMapPdfiumDatasets::iterator it;
  it = g_mPdfiumDatasets.find((char*)pszFilename);
  TPdfiumDocumentStruct *poDoc = nullptr;
  // Load new document if missing
  if(it == g_mPdfiumDatasets.end() ) {
    // Try without password (if PDF not requires password it can fail)

    VSILFILE* fp = VSIFOpenL(pszFilename, "rb");
    if( fp == nullptr )
    {
        CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex);
        return FALSE;
    }
    VSIFSeekL(fp, 0, SEEK_END);
    unsigned long nFileLen = (unsigned long)VSIFTellL(fp);
    if( nFileLen != VSIFTellL(fp) )
    {
        VSIFCloseL(fp);
        CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex);
        return FALSE;
    }

    FPDF_FILEACCESS* psFileAccess = new FPDF_FILEACCESS;
    psFileAccess->m_Param = fp;
    psFileAccess->m_FileLen = nFileLen;
    psFileAccess->m_GetBlock = GDALPdfiumGetBlock;
    CPDF_Document* docPdfium = CPDFDocumentFromFPDFDocument(
        FPDF_LoadCustomDocument(psFileAccess, nullptr));
    if(docPdfium == nullptr)
    {
      unsigned long err = FPDF_GetLastError();
      if( err == FPDF_ERR_PASSWORD) {
          if(pszUserPwd) {
            pszUserPwd = PDFEnterPasswordFromConsoleIfNeeded(pszUserPwd);
            docPdfium = CPDFDocumentFromFPDFDocument(FPDF_LoadCustomDocument(psFileAccess, pszUserPwd));
            if(docPdfium == nullptr)
              err = FPDF_GetLastError();
            else
              err = FPDF_ERR_SUCCESS;
          }
          else {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
              "A password is needed. You can specify it through the PDF_USER_PWD "
              "configuration option / USER_PWD open option (that can be set to ASK_INTERACTIVE)");

            VSIFCloseL(fp);
            delete psFileAccess;
            CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex);
            return FALSE;
          }
      } // First Error Password [null password given]
      if( err != FPDF_ERR_SUCCESS ) {
        if(err == FPDF_ERR_PASSWORD)
          CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "PDFium Invalid password.");
        else if(err == FPDF_ERR_SECURITY)
          CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "PDFium Unsupported security scheme.");
        else if(err == FPDF_ERR_FORMAT)
          CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "PDFium File not in PDF format or corrupted.");
        else if(err == FPDF_ERR_FILE)
          CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "PDFium File not found or could not be opened.");
        else
          CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "PDFium Unknown PDF error or invalid PDF.");

        VSIFCloseL(fp);
        delete psFileAccess;
        CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex);
        return FALSE;
      }
    } // ~ wrong PDF or password required

    // Create new poDoc
    poDoc = new TPdfiumDocumentStruct;
    if(!poDoc) {
      CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Not enough memory for Pdfium Document object");

      VSIFCloseL(fp);
      delete psFileAccess;
      CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex);
      return FALSE;
    }
    poDoc->filename = CPLStrdup(pszFilename);
    poDoc->doc = docPdfium;
    poDoc->psFileAccess = psFileAccess;

    g_mPdfiumDatasets[poDoc->filename] = poDoc;
  }
  // Document already loaded
  else {
    poDoc = it->second;
  }

  // Check page num in document
  int nPages = poDoc->doc->GetPageCount();
  if (pageNum < 1 || pageNum > nPages)
  {
      CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "PDFium Invalid page number (%d/%d) for document %s",
                pageNum, nPages, pszFilename);

      CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex);
      return FALSE;
  }

  /* Sanity check to validate page count */
  if( pageNum != nPages )
  {
      if( poDoc->doc->GetPageDictionary(nPages - 1) == nullptr )
      {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDF : invalid page count");
        CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex);
        return FALSE;
      }
  }

  TMapPdfiumPages::iterator itPage;
  itPage = poDoc->pages.find(pageNum);
  TPdfiumPageStruct *poPage = nullptr;
  // Page not loaded
  if(itPage == poDoc->pages.end()) {
    CPDF_Dictionary* pDict = poDoc->doc->GetPageDictionary(pageNum - 1);
    if (pDict == nullptr) {
      CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDFium : invalid page");

      CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex);
      return FALSE;
    }
    auto pPage = pdfium::MakeRetain<CPDF_Page>(poDoc->doc, pDict);

    poPage = new TPdfiumPageStruct;
    if(!poPage) {
      CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Not enough memory for Pdfium Page object");

      CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex);
      return FALSE;
    }
    poPage->pageNum = pageNum;
    poPage->page = pPage.Leak();
    poPage->readMutex = nullptr;
    poPage->sharedNum = 0;

    poDoc->pages[pageNum] = poPage;
  }
  // Page already loaded
  else {
    poPage = itPage->second;
  }

  // Increase number of used
  ++poPage->sharedNum;

  if(doc)
    *doc = poDoc;
  if(page)
    *page = poPage;
  if(pnPageCount)
    *pnPageCount = nPages;

  CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex);

  return TRUE;
}
// ~ static int LoadPdfiumDocumentPage()

static
int UnloadPdfiumDocumentPage(TPdfiumDocumentStruct** doc, TPdfiumPageStruct** page)
{
  if(!doc || !page)
    return FALSE;

  TPdfiumPageStruct* pPage = *page;
  TPdfiumDocumentStruct* pDoc = *doc;

  // Get mutex for loading pdfium
  CPLCreateOrAcquireMutex(&g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex, PDFIUM_MUTEX_TIMEOUT);

  // Decrease page use
  --pPage->sharedNum;

#ifdef DEBUG
  CPLDebug("PDF", "PDFDataset::UnloadPdfiumDocumentPage: page shared num %d",
      pPage->sharedNum);
#endif
  // Page is used (also document)
  if(pPage->sharedNum != 0) {
    CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex);
    return TRUE;
  }

  // Get mutex, release and destroy it
  CPLCreateOrAcquireMutex(&(pPage->readMutex), PDFIUM_MUTEX_TIMEOUT);
  CPLReleaseMutex(pPage->readMutex);
  CPLDestroyMutex(pPage->readMutex);
  // Close page and remove from map
  FPDF_ClosePage(FPDFPageFromIPDFPage(pPage->page));

  pDoc->pages.erase(pPage->pageNum);
  delete pPage;
  pPage = nullptr;

#ifdef DEBUG
  CPLDebug("PDF", "PDFDataset::UnloadPdfiumDocumentPage: pages %lu",
      pDoc->pages.size());
#endif
  // Another page is used
  if(!pDoc->pages.empty()) {
    CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex);
    return TRUE;
  }

  // Close document and remove from map
  FPDF_CloseDocument(FPDFDocumentFromCPDFDocument(pDoc->doc));
  g_mPdfiumDatasets.erase(pDoc->filename);
  CPLFree(pDoc->filename);
  VSIFCloseL((VSILFILE*)pDoc->psFileAccess->m_Param);
  delete pDoc->psFileAccess;
  delete pDoc;
  pDoc = nullptr;

#ifdef DEBUG
  CPLDebug("PDF", "PDFDataset::UnloadPdfiumDocumentPage: documents %lu",
      g_mPdfiumDatasets.size());
#endif
  // Another document is used
  if(!g_mPdfiumDatasets.empty()) {
    CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex);
    return TRUE;
  }

#ifdef DEBUG
  CPLDebug("PDF", "PDFDataset::UnloadPdfiumDocumentPage: Nothing loaded, destroy Library");
#endif
  // No document loaded, destroy pdfium
  FPDF_DestroyLibrary();
  PDFDataset::bPdfiumInit = FALSE;

  CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex);

  return TRUE;
}
// ~ static int UnloadPdfiumDocumentPage()

#endif  // ~ HAVE_PDFIUM

/************************************************************************/
/*                             GetOption()                              */
/************************************************************************/

const char* PDFDataset::GetOption(char** papszOpenOptionsIn,
                                  const char* pszOptionName,
                                  const char* pszDefaultVal)
{
    CPLErr eLastErrType = CPLGetLastErrorType();
    CPLErrorNum nLastErrno = CPLGetLastErrorNo();
    CPLString osLastErrorMsg(CPLGetLastErrorMsg());
    CPLXMLNode* psNode = CPLParseXMLString(szOpenOptionList);
    CPLErrorSetState(eLastErrType, nLastErrno, osLastErrorMsg);
    if( psNode == nullptr ) return pszDefaultVal;
    CPLXMLNode* psIter = psNode->psChild;
    while( psIter != nullptr )
    {
        if( EQUAL(CPLGetXMLValue( psIter, "name", "" ), pszOptionName) )
        {
            const char* pszVal = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOpenOptionsIn, pszOptionName);
            if( pszVal != nullptr )
            {
                CPLDestroyXMLNode(psNode);
                return pszVal;
            }
            const char* pszAltConfigOption = CPLGetXMLValue( psIter, "alt_config_option", nullptr );
            if( pszAltConfigOption != nullptr )
            {
                pszVal = CPLGetConfigOption(pszAltConfigOption, pszDefaultVal);
                CPLDestroyXMLNode(psNode);
                return pszVal;
            }
            CPLDestroyXMLNode(psNode);
            return pszDefaultVal;
        }
        psIter = psIter->psNext;
    }
    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
             "Requesting an undocumented open option '%s'", pszOptionName);
    CPLDestroyXMLNode(psNode);
    return pszDefaultVal;
}

#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALPDFiumOCContext                          */
/************************************************************************/

class GDALPDFiumOCContext : public CPDF_OCContextInterface
{
    PDFDataset* m_poDS;
    RetainPtr<CPDF_OCContext> m_DefaultOCContext;
public:

    GDALPDFiumOCContext(PDFDataset* poDS, CPDF_Document *pDoc, CPDF_OCContext::UsageType usage) :
                                m_poDS(poDS), m_DefaultOCContext(pdfium::MakeRetain<CPDF_OCContext>(pDoc, usage)) {}

    virtual bool CheckOCGVisible(const CPDF_Dictionary *pOCGDict) const override
    {
        PDFDataset::VisibilityState eVisibility =
            m_poDS->GetVisibilityStateForOGCPdfium(
                                pOCGDict->GetObjNum(), pOCGDict->GetGenNum() );
        if( eVisibility == PDFDataset::VISIBILITY_ON )
            return true;
        if( eVisibility == PDFDataset::VISIBILITY_OFF )
            return false;
        return m_DefaultOCContext->CheckOCGVisible(pOCGDict);
    }
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALPDFiumRenderDeviceDriver                    */
/************************************************************************/

class GDALPDFiumRenderDeviceDriver: public RenderDeviceDriverIface
{
        std::unique_ptr<RenderDeviceDriverIface> m_poParent;
        CFX_RenderDevice* m_pDevice;

        int bEnableVector;
        int bEnableText;
        int bEnableBitmap;
        int bTemporaryEnableVectorForTextStroking;

public:

    GDALPDFiumRenderDeviceDriver(std::unique_ptr<RenderDeviceDriverIface>&& poParent, CFX_RenderDevice* pDevice):
                                                        m_poParent(std::move(poParent)),
                                                        m_pDevice(pDevice),
                                                        bEnableVector(TRUE),
                                                        bEnableText(TRUE),
                                                        bEnableBitmap(TRUE),
                                                        bTemporaryEnableVectorForTextStroking(FALSE) {}
    virtual ~GDALPDFiumRenderDeviceDriver() = default;

    void SetEnableVector(int bFlag) { bEnableVector = bFlag; }
    void SetEnableText(int bFlag) { bEnableText = bFlag; }
    void SetEnableBitmap(int bFlag) { bEnableBitmap = bFlag; }

    virtual DeviceType GetDeviceType() const override { return m_poParent->GetDeviceType(); }
    virtual int         GetDeviceCaps(int caps_id) const override { return m_poParent->GetDeviceCaps(caps_id); }

    virtual void        SaveState() override { m_poParent->SaveState(); }
    virtual void        RestoreState(bool bKeepSaved) override { m_poParent->RestoreState(bKeepSaved); }

    virtual void SetBaseClip(const FX_RECT& rect) override { m_poParent->SetBaseClip(rect); }

    virtual bool SetClip_PathFill(const CFX_Path& path,
                                const CFX_Matrix* pObject2Device,
                                const CFX_FillRenderOptions& fill_options) override
    {
        if( !bEnableVector && !bTemporaryEnableVectorForTextStroking )
            return true;
        return m_poParent->SetClip_PathFill(path, pObject2Device, fill_options);
    }

    virtual bool     SetClip_PathStroke(const CFX_Path& path,
                                  const CFX_Matrix* pObject2Device,
                                  const CFX_GraphStateData* pGraphState) override
    {
        if( !bEnableVector && !bTemporaryEnableVectorForTextStroking )
            return true;
        return m_poParent->SetClip_PathStroke(path, pObject2Device, pGraphState);
    }

    virtual bool DrawPath(const CFX_Path& path,
                        const CFX_Matrix* pObject2Device,
                        const CFX_GraphStateData* pGraphState,
                        uint32_t fill_color,
                        uint32_t stroke_color,
                        const CFX_FillRenderOptions& fill_options,
                        BlendMode blend_type)  override
    {
        if( !bEnableVector && !bTemporaryEnableVectorForTextStroking )
            return true;
        return m_poParent->DrawPath(path, pObject2Device, pGraphState ,
                                    fill_color, stroke_color, fill_options,
                                    blend_type);
    }

    virtual bool FillRectWithBlend(const FX_RECT& rect,
                                 uint32_t fill_color,
                                 BlendMode blend_type) override
    {
        return m_poParent->FillRectWithBlend(rect,fill_color,blend_type);
    }

    virtual bool     DrawCosmeticLine(const CFX_PointF& ptMoveTo,
                                      const CFX_PointF& ptLineTo,
                                      uint32_t color,
                                      BlendMode blend_typeL) override
    {
        if( !bEnableVector && !bTemporaryEnableVectorForTextStroking )
            return TRUE;
        return m_poParent->DrawCosmeticLine(ptMoveTo,ptLineTo,color,blend_typeL);
    }

    virtual bool GetClipBox(FX_RECT* pRect)  override
    {
        return m_poParent->GetClipBox(pRect);
    }

    virtual bool     GetDIBits(const RetainPtr<CFX_DIBitmap>& pBitmap,
                         int left,
                         int top) override
    {
        return m_poParent->GetDIBits(pBitmap,left,top);
    }

    virtual RetainPtr<CFX_DIBitmap> GetBackDrop() override
    {
        return m_poParent->GetBackDrop();
    }

    virtual bool     SetDIBits(const RetainPtr<CFX_DIBBase>& pBitmap,
                               uint32_t color,
                               const FX_RECT& src_rect,
                               int dest_left,
                               int dest_top,
                               BlendMode blend_type) override
    {
        if( !bEnableBitmap && !bTemporaryEnableVectorForTextStroking )
            return true;
        return m_poParent->SetDIBits(pBitmap, color, src_rect,
                                     dest_left, dest_top, blend_type);
    }

    virtual bool     StretchDIBits(const RetainPtr<CFX_DIBBase>& pBitmap,
                             uint32_t color,
                             int dest_left,
                             int dest_top,
                             int dest_width,
                             int dest_height,
                             const FX_RECT* pClipRect,
                             const FXDIB_ResampleOptions& options,
                             BlendMode blend_type) override
    {
        if( !bEnableBitmap && !bTemporaryEnableVectorForTextStroking )
            return true;
        return m_poParent->StretchDIBits(pBitmap, color, dest_left, dest_top,
                                     dest_width, dest_height, pClipRect,
                                     options, blend_type);
    }

    virtual bool     StartDIBits(const RetainPtr<CFX_DIBBase>& pBitmap,
                           int bitmap_alpha,
                           uint32_t color,
                           const CFX_Matrix& matrix,
                           const FXDIB_ResampleOptions& options,
                           std::unique_ptr<CFX_ImageRenderer>* handle,
                           BlendMode blend_type) override
    {
        if( !bEnableBitmap && !bTemporaryEnableVectorForTextStroking )
            return true;
        return m_poParent->StartDIBits(pBitmap, bitmap_alpha, color, matrix, options,
                                       handle, blend_type);
    }

    virtual bool     ContinueDIBits(CFX_ImageRenderer* handle,
                                    PauseIndicatorIface* pPause) override
    {
        return m_poParent->ContinueDIBits(handle, pPause);
    }

    virtual bool DrawDeviceText(pdfium::span<const TextCharPos> pCharPos,
                              CFX_Font* pFont,
                              const CFX_Matrix& mtObject2Device,
                              float font_size,
                              uint32_t color,
                              const CFX_TextRenderOptions& options) override
    {
        if( bEnableText )
        {
            // This is quite tricky. We call again the guy who called us (CFX_RenderDevice::DrawNormalText())
            // but we set a special flag to allow vector&raster operations so
            // that the rendering will happen in the next phase
            if( bTemporaryEnableVectorForTextStroking )
                return FALSE; // this is the default behavior of the parent
            bTemporaryEnableVectorForTextStroking = true;
            bool bRet = m_pDevice->DrawNormalText(pCharPos,
                                                     pFont,
                                                     font_size, mtObject2Device,
                                                     color, options);
            bTemporaryEnableVectorForTextStroking = FALSE;
            return bRet;
        }
        else
            return true; // pretend that we did the job
    }

    virtual int         GetDriverType() const override
    {
        return m_poParent->GetDriverType();
    }

    virtual bool DrawShading(const CPDF_ShadingPattern* pPattern,
                            const CFX_Matrix* pMatrix,
                            const FX_RECT& clip_rect,
                            int alpha,
                            bool bAlphaMode) override
    {
        if( !bEnableBitmap && !bTemporaryEnableVectorForTextStroking )
            return true;
        return m_poParent->DrawShading(pPattern, pMatrix, clip_rect, alpha, bAlphaMode);
    }

#if defined(_SKIA_SUPPORT_)
    virtual bool SetBitsWithMask(const RetainPtr<CFX_DIBBase>& pBitmap,
                                const RetainPtr<CFX_DIBBase>& pMask,
                                int left,
                                int top,
                                int bitmap_alpha,
                                BlendMode blend_type) override
    {
        if( !bEnableBitmap && !bTemporaryEnableVectorForTextStroking )
            return true;
        return m_poParent->SetBitsWithMask(pBitmap, pMask, left, top, bitmap_alpha, blend_type);
    }
#endif
#if defined _SKIA_SUPPORT_ || defined _SKIA_SUPPORT_PATHS_
    virtual void Flush() override { return m_poParent->Flush(); }
#endif
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                         PDFiumRenderPageBitmap()                     */
/************************************************************************/

/* This method is a customization of FPDF_RenderPageBitmap()
   from pdfium/fpdfsdk/fpdf_view.cpp to allow selection of which OGC/layer are
   active. Thus it inherits the following license */
// Copyright 2014 PDFium Authors. All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
//    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
//    * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

static
void myRenderPageImpl(PDFDataset* poDS,
                      CPDF_PageRenderContext* pContext,
                    CPDF_Page* pPage,
                    const CFX_Matrix& matrix,
                    const FX_RECT& clipping_rect,
                    int flags,
                    const FPDF_COLORSCHEME* color_scheme,
                    bool bNeedToRestore,
                    CPDFSDK_PauseAdapter* pause) {
  if (!pContext->m_pOptions)
    pContext->m_pOptions = std::make_unique<CPDF_RenderOptions>();

  auto& options = pContext->m_pOptions->GetOptions();
  options.bClearType = !!(flags & FPDF_LCD_TEXT);
  options.bNoNativeText = !!(flags & FPDF_NO_NATIVETEXT);
  options.bLimitedImageCache = !!(flags & FPDF_RENDER_LIMITEDIMAGECACHE);
  options.bForceHalftone = !!(flags & FPDF_RENDER_FORCEHALFTONE);
  options.bNoTextSmooth = !!(flags & FPDF_RENDER_NO_SMOOTHTEXT);
  options.bNoImageSmooth = !!(flags & FPDF_RENDER_NO_SMOOTHIMAGE);
  options.bNoPathSmooth = !!(flags & FPDF_RENDER_NO_SMOOTHPATH);

  // Grayscale output
  if (flags & FPDF_GRAYSCALE)
    pContext->m_pOptions->SetColorMode(CPDF_RenderOptions::kGray);

  if (color_scheme) {
    pContext->m_pOptions->SetColorMode(CPDF_RenderOptions::kForcedColor);
    SetColorFromScheme(color_scheme, pContext->m_pOptions.get());
    options.bConvertFillToStroke = !!(flags & FPDF_CONVERT_FILL_TO_STROKE);
  }

  const CPDF_OCContext::UsageType usage =
      (flags & FPDF_PRINTING) ? CPDF_OCContext::kPrint : CPDF_OCContext::kView;
  pContext->m_pOptions->SetOCContext(
      pdfium::MakeRetain<GDALPDFiumOCContext>(poDS, pPage->GetDocument(), usage));

  pContext->m_pDevice->SaveState();
  pContext->m_pDevice->SetBaseClip(clipping_rect);
  pContext->m_pDevice->SetClip_Rect(clipping_rect);
  pContext->m_pContext = std::make_unique<CPDF_RenderContext>(
      pPage->GetDocument(), pPage->GetPageResources(),
      static_cast<CPDF_PageRenderCache*>(pPage->GetRenderCache()));

  pContext->m_pContext->AppendLayer(pPage, matrix);

  if (flags & FPDF_ANNOT) {
    auto pOwnedList = std::make_unique<CPDF_AnnotList>(pPage);
    CPDF_AnnotList* pList = pOwnedList.get();
    pContext->m_pAnnots = std::move(pOwnedList);
    bool bPrinting =
        pContext->m_pDevice->GetDeviceType() != DeviceType::kDisplay;

    // TODO(https://crbug.com/pdfium/993) - maybe pass true here.
    const bool bShowWidget = false;
    pList->DisplayAnnots(pPage, pContext->m_pDevice.get(),
                         pContext->m_pContext.get(), bPrinting, matrix,
                         bShowWidget);
  }

  pContext->m_pRenderer = std::make_unique<CPDF_ProgressiveRenderer>(
      pContext->m_pContext.get(), pContext->m_pDevice.get(),
      pContext->m_pOptions.get());
  pContext->m_pRenderer->Start(pause);
  if (bNeedToRestore)
    pContext->m_pDevice->RestoreState(false);
}

static
void myRenderPageWithContext(PDFDataset* poDS,
                             CPDF_PageRenderContext* pContext,
                           FPDF_PAGE page,
                           int start_x,
                           int start_y,
                           int size_x,
                           int size_y,
                           int rotate,
                           int flags,
                           const FPDF_COLORSCHEME* color_scheme,
                           bool bNeedToRestore,
                           CPDFSDK_PauseAdapter* pause) {
  CPDF_Page* pPage = CPDFPageFromFPDFPage(page);
  if (!pPage)
    return;

  const FX_RECT rect(start_x, start_y, start_x + size_x, start_y + size_y);
  myRenderPageImpl(poDS, pContext, pPage, pPage->GetDisplayMatrix(rect, rotate), rect,
                 flags, color_scheme, bNeedToRestore, pause);
}


class MyRenderDevice final : public CFX_RenderDevice {

    public:

    // Substitution for CFX_DefaultRenderDevice::Attach
     bool Attach(const RetainPtr<CFX_DIBitmap>& pBitmap,
                         bool bRgbByteOrder,
                         const RetainPtr<CFX_DIBitmap>& pBackdropBitmap,
                         bool bGroupKnockout,
                         const char* pszRenderingOptions);
};

bool MyRenderDevice::Attach(const RetainPtr<CFX_DIBitmap>& pBitmap,
                         bool bRgbByteOrder,
                         const RetainPtr<CFX_DIBitmap>& pBackdropBitmap,
                         bool bGroupKnockout,
                         const char* pszRenderingOptions)
{
  SetBitmap(pBitmap);

  std::unique_ptr<RenderDeviceDriverIface> driver = std::make_unique<pdfium::CFX_AggDeviceDriver>(
      pBitmap, bRgbByteOrder, pBackdropBitmap, bGroupKnockout);
  if (pszRenderingOptions != nullptr)
  {
    int bEnableVector = FALSE;
    int bEnableText = FALSE;
    int bEnableBitmap = FALSE;

    char** papszTokens = CSLTokenizeString2( pszRenderingOptions, " ,", 0 );
    for(int i=0;papszTokens[i] != nullptr;i++)
    {
        if (EQUAL(papszTokens[i], "VECTOR"))
            bEnableVector = TRUE;
        else if (EQUAL(papszTokens[i], "TEXT"))
            bEnableText = TRUE;
        else if (EQUAL(papszTokens[i], "RASTER") ||
                    EQUAL(papszTokens[i], "BITMAP"))
            bEnableBitmap = TRUE;
        else
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                        "Value %s is not a valid value for GDAL_PDF_RENDERING_OPTIONS",
                        papszTokens[i]);
        }
    }
    CSLDestroy(papszTokens);

    if( !bEnableVector || !bEnableText || !bEnableBitmap )
    {
        std::unique_ptr<GDALPDFiumRenderDeviceDriver> poGDALRDDriver =
            std::make_unique<GDALPDFiumRenderDeviceDriver>(std::move(driver), this);
        poGDALRDDriver->SetEnableVector(bEnableVector);
        poGDALRDDriver->SetEnableText(bEnableText);
        poGDALRDDriver->SetEnableBitmap(bEnableBitmap);
        driver = std::move(poGDALRDDriver);
    }
  }

  SetDeviceDriver(std::move(driver));
  return true;
}

void PDFDataset::PDFiumRenderPageBitmap(FPDF_BITMAP bitmap, FPDF_PAGE page,
                                        int start_x, int start_y,
                                        int size_x, int size_y,
                                        const char* pszRenderingOptions)
{
  const int rotate = 0;
  const int flags = 0;

  if (!bitmap)
    return;

  CPDF_Page* pPage = CPDFPageFromFPDFPage(page);
  if (!pPage)
    return;

  auto pOwnedContext = std::make_unique<CPDF_PageRenderContext>();
  CPDF_PageRenderContext* pContext = pOwnedContext.get();
  CPDF_Page::RenderContextClearer clearer(pPage);
  pPage->SetRenderContext(std::move(pOwnedContext));

  auto pOwnedDevice = std::make_unique<MyRenderDevice>();
  auto pDevice = pOwnedDevice.get();
  pContext->m_pDevice = std::move(pOwnedDevice);

  RetainPtr<CFX_DIBitmap> pBitmap(CFXDIBitmapFromFPDFBitmap(bitmap));

  pDevice->Attach(pBitmap, !!(flags & FPDF_REVERSE_BYTE_ORDER), nullptr, false, pszRenderingOptions);

  myRenderPageWithContext(this, pContext, page, start_x, start_y, size_x, size_y,
                          rotate, flags,
                          /*color_scheme=*/nullptr,
                          /*need_to_restore=*/true, /*pause=*/nullptr);

#ifdef _SKIA_SUPPORT_PATHS_
  pDevice->Flush(true);
  pBitmap->UnPreMultiply();
#endif
}

#endif /* HAVE_PDFIUM */

/************************************************************************/
/*                             ReadPixels()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDFDataset::ReadPixels( int nReqXOff, int nReqYOff,
                               int nReqXSize, int nReqYSize,
                               GSpacing nPixelSpace, GSpacing nLineSpace,
                               GSpacing nBandSpace,
                               GByte* pabyData )
{
    CPLErr eErr = CE_None;
    const char* pszRenderingOptions = GetOption(papszOpenOptions, "RENDERING_OPTIONS", nullptr);

#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER
    if(bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_POPPLER))
    {
        SplashColor sColor;
        sColor[0] = 255;
        sColor[1] = 255;
        sColor[2] = 255;
        GDALPDFOutputDev *poSplashOut =
            new GDALPDFOutputDev(
                (nBands < 4) ? splashModeRGB8 : splashModeXBGR8,
                4, gFalse,
                (nBands < 4) ? sColor : nullptr);

        if (pszRenderingOptions != nullptr)
        {
            poSplashOut->SetEnableVector(FALSE);
            poSplashOut->SetEnableText(FALSE);
            poSplashOut->SetEnableBitmap(FALSE);

            char** papszTokens = CSLTokenizeString2( pszRenderingOptions, " ,", 0 );
            for(int i=0;papszTokens[i] != nullptr;i++)
            {
                if (EQUAL(papszTokens[i], "VECTOR"))
                    poSplashOut->SetEnableVector(TRUE);
                else if (EQUAL(papszTokens[i], "TEXT"))
                    poSplashOut->SetEnableText(TRUE);
                else if (EQUAL(papszTokens[i], "RASTER") ||
                            EQUAL(papszTokens[i], "BITMAP"))
                    poSplashOut->SetEnableBitmap(TRUE);
                else
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                                "Value %s is not a valid value for GDAL_PDF_RENDERING_OPTIONS",
                                papszTokens[i]);
                }
            }
            CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
        }

        PDFDoc* poDoc = poDocPoppler;
        poSplashOut->startDoc(poDoc);

        /* EVIL: we modify a private member... */
        /* poppler (at least 0.12 and 0.14 versions) don't render correctly */
        /* some PDFs and display an error message 'Could not find a OCG with Ref' */
        /* in those cases. This processing of optional content is an addition of */
        /* poppler in comparison to original xpdf, which hasn't the issue. All in */
        /* all, nullifying optContent removes the error message and improves the rendering */
        Catalog* poCatalog = poDoc->getCatalog();
        OCGs* poOldOCGs = poCatalog->optContent;
        if (!bUseOCG)
            poCatalog->optContent = nullptr;
        poDoc->displayPageSlice(poSplashOut,
                                iPage,
                                dfDPI, dfDPI,
                                0,
                                TRUE, gFalse, gFalse,
                                nReqXOff, nReqYOff,
                                nReqXSize, nReqYSize);

    /* Restore back */
        poCatalog->optContent = poOldOCGs;

        SplashBitmap* poBitmap = poSplashOut->getBitmap();
        if (poBitmap->getWidth() != nReqXSize || poBitmap->getHeight() != nReqYSize)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                        "Bitmap decoded size (%dx%d) doesn't match raster size (%dx%d)" ,
                        poBitmap->getWidth(), poBitmap->getHeight(),
                        nReqXSize, nReqYSize);
            delete poSplashOut;
            return CE_Failure;
        }

        GByte* pabyDataR = pabyData;
        GByte* pabyDataG = pabyData + nBandSpace;
        GByte* pabyDataB = pabyData + 2 * nBandSpace;
        GByte* pabyDataA = pabyData + 3 * nBandSpace;
        GByte* pabySrc   = poBitmap->getDataPtr();
        GByte* pabyAlphaSrc  = (GByte*)poBitmap->getAlphaPtr();
        int i, j;
        for(j=0;j<nReqYSize;j++)
        {
            for(i=0;i<nReqXSize;i++)
            {
                if (nBands < 4)
                {
                    pabyDataR[i * nPixelSpace] = pabySrc[i * 3 + 0];
                    pabyDataG[i * nPixelSpace] = pabySrc[i * 3 + 1];
                    pabyDataB[i * nPixelSpace] = pabySrc[i * 3 + 2];
                }
                else
                {
                    pabyDataR[i * nPixelSpace] = pabySrc[i * 4 + 2];
                    pabyDataG[i * nPixelSpace] = pabySrc[i * 4 + 1];
                    pabyDataB[i * nPixelSpace] = pabySrc[i * 4 + 0];
                    pabyDataA[i * nPixelSpace] = pabyAlphaSrc[i];
                }
            }
            pabyDataR += nLineSpace;
            pabyDataG += nLineSpace;
            pabyDataB += nLineSpace;
            pabyDataA += nLineSpace;
            pabyAlphaSrc += poBitmap->getAlphaRowSize();
            pabySrc += poBitmap->getRowSize();
        }
        delete poSplashOut;
    }
#endif // HAVE_POPPLER

#ifdef HAVE_PODOFO
    if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PODOFO))
    {
        if( bPdfToPpmFailed )
            return CE_Failure;

        if( pszRenderingOptions != nullptr && !EQUAL(pszRenderingOptions,"RASTER,VECTOR,TEXT") )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                        "GDAL_PDF_RENDERING_OPTIONS only supported "
                        "when PDF lib is Poppler.");
        }

        CPLString osTmpFilename;
        int nRet;

#ifdef notdef
        int bUseSpawn = CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_PDF_USE_SPAWN", "YES"));
        if( !bUseSpawn )
        {
            CPLString osCmd = CPLSPrintf("pdftoppm -r %f -x %d -y %d -W %d -H %d -f %d -l %d \"%s\"",
                    dfDPI,
                    nReqXOff,
                    nReqYOff,
                    nReqXSize,
                    nReqYSize,
                    iPage, iPage,
                    osFilename.c_str());

            if (!osUserPwd.empty())
            {
                osCmd += " -upw \"";
                osCmd += osUserPwd;
                osCmd += "\"";
            }

            CPLString osTmpFilenamePrefix = CPLGenerateTempFilename("pdf");
            osTmpFilename = CPLSPrintf("%s-%d.ppm",
                                           osTmpFilenamePrefix.c_str(),
                                           iPage);
            osCmd += CPLSPrintf(" \"%s\"", osTmpFilenamePrefix.c_str());

            CPLDebug("PDF", "Running '%s'", osCmd.c_str());
            nRet = CPLSystem(nullptr, osCmd.c_str());
        }
        else
#endif // notdef
        {
            char** papszArgs = nullptr;
            papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, "pdftoppm");
            papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, "-r");
            papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, CPLSPrintf("%f", dfDPI));
            papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, "-x");
            papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, CPLSPrintf("%d", nReqXOff));
            papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, "-y");
            papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, CPLSPrintf("%d", nReqYOff));
            papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, "-W");
            papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, CPLSPrintf("%d", nReqXSize));
            papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, "-H");
            papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, CPLSPrintf("%d", nReqYSize));
            papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, "-f");
            papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, CPLSPrintf("%d", iPage));
            papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, "-l");
            papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, CPLSPrintf("%d", iPage));
            if (!osUserPwd.empty())
            {
                papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, "-upw");
                papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, osUserPwd.c_str());
            }
            papszArgs = CSLAddString(papszArgs, osFilename.c_str());

            osTmpFilename = CPLSPrintf("/vsimem/pdf/temp_%p.ppm", this);
            VSILFILE* fpOut = VSIFOpenL(osTmpFilename, "wb");
            if( fpOut != nullptr )
            {
                nRet = CPLSpawn(papszArgs, nullptr, fpOut, FALSE);
                VSIFCloseL(fpOut);
            }
            else
                nRet = -1;

            CSLDestroy(papszArgs);
        }

        if (nRet == 0)
        {
            GDALDataset* poDS = (GDALDataset*) GDALOpen(osTmpFilename, GA_ReadOnly);
            if (poDS)
            {
                if (poDS->GetRasterCount() == 3)
                {
                    eErr = poDS->RasterIO(GF_Read, 0, 0,
                                          nReqXSize,
                                          nReqYSize,
                                          pabyData,
                                          nReqXSize, nReqYSize,
                                          GDT_Byte, 3, nullptr,
                                          nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, nBandSpace, nullptr);
                }
                delete poDS;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            CPLDebug("PDF", "Ret code = %d", nRet);
            bPdfToPpmFailed = TRUE;
            eErr = CE_Failure;
        }
        VSIUnlink(osTmpFilename);
    }
#endif  // HAVE_PODOFO
#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
    if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PDFIUM))
    {
        if(!poPagePdfium) {
            return CE_Failure;
        }

        // Pdfium does not support multithreading
        CPLCreateOrAcquireMutex(&g_oPdfiumReadMutex, PDFIUM_MUTEX_TIMEOUT);

        CPLCreateOrAcquireMutex(&(poPagePdfium->readMutex), PDFIUM_MUTEX_TIMEOUT);

        // Parsing content required before rastering
        // can takes too long for PDF with large number of objects/layers
        poPagePdfium->page->ParseContent();

        FPDF_BITMAP bitmap = FPDFBitmap_Create(nReqXSize, nReqYSize, nBands == 4/*alpha*/);
        // As coded now, FPDFBitmap_Create cannot allocate more than 1 GB
        if( bitmap == nullptr )
        {
            // Release mutex - following code is thread-safe
            CPLReleaseMutex(poPagePdfium->readMutex);
            CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumReadMutex);

#ifdef notdef
            // If the requested area is not too small, then try subdividing
            if( (GIntBig)nReqXSize * nReqYSize * 4 > 1024 * 1024 )
            {
#ifdef DEBUG
                CPLDebug("PDF", "Subdividing PDFDataset::ReadPixels(%d, %d, %d, %d, scaleFactor=%d)",
                    nReqXOff, nReqYOff, nReqXSize, nReqYSize,
                    1 << ((PDFRasterBand*)GetRasterBand(1))->nResolutionLevel);
#endif
                if( nReqXSize >= nReqYSize )
                {
                    eErr = ReadPixels( nReqXOff, nReqYOff,
                                        nReqXSize / 2, nReqYSize,
                                        nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, nBandSpace,
                                        pabyData );
                    if( eErr == CE_None )
                    {
                        eErr = ReadPixels( nReqXSize / 2, nReqYOff,
                                            nReqXSize - nReqXSize / 2, nReqYSize,
                                            nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, nBandSpace,
                                            pabyData + nPixelSpace * (nReqXSize / 2) );
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    eErr = ReadPixels( nReqXOff, nReqYOff,
                                        nReqXSize, nReqYSize - nReqYSize / 2,
                                        nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, nBandSpace,
                                        pabyData );
                    if( eErr == CE_None )
                    {
                        eErr = ReadPixels( nReqXOff, nReqYSize / 2,
                                            nReqXSize, nReqYSize - nReqYSize / 2,
                                            nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, nBandSpace,
                                            pabyData + nLineSpace * (nReqYSize / 2) );
                    }
                }
                return eErr;
            }
#endif

            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "FPDFBitmap_Create(%d,%d) failed",
                     nReqXSize, nReqYSize);

            return CE_Failure;
        }
        // alpha is 0% which is transported to FF if not alpha
        // Default background color is white
        FPDF_DWORD color = 0x00FFFFFF; // A,R,G,B
        FPDFBitmap_FillRect(bitmap, 0, 0, nReqXSize, nReqYSize, color);

#ifdef DEBUG
        // start_x, start_y, size_x, size_y, rotate, flags
        CPLDebug("PDF", "PDFDataset::ReadPixels(%d, %d, %d, %d, scaleFactor=%d)",
            nReqXOff, nReqYOff, nReqXSize, nReqYSize,
            1 << ((PDFRasterBand*)GetRasterBand(1))->nResolutionLevel);

        CPLDebug("PDF", "FPDF_RenderPageBitmap(%d, %d, %d, %d)",
                 -nReqXOff, -nReqYOff, nRasterXSize, nRasterYSize);
#endif

        // Part of PDF is render with -x, -y, page_width, page_height
        // (not requested size!)
        PDFiumRenderPageBitmap(bitmap, FPDFPageFromIPDFPage(poPagePdfium->page),
              -nReqXOff, -nReqYOff, nRasterXSize, nRasterYSize, pszRenderingOptions);

        int stride = FPDFBitmap_GetStride(bitmap);
        const GByte* buffer = reinterpret_cast<const GByte*>(FPDFBitmap_GetBuffer(bitmap));

        // Release mutex - following code is thread-safe
        CPLReleaseMutex(poPagePdfium->readMutex);
        CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumReadMutex);

        // Source data is B, G, R, unused.
        // Destination data is R, G, B (,A if is alpha)
        GByte* pabyDataR = pabyData;
        GByte* pabyDataG = pabyData + 1 * nBandSpace;
        GByte* pabyDataB = pabyData + 2 * nBandSpace;
        GByte* pabyDataA = pabyData + 3 * nBandSpace;
        // Copied from Poppler
        int i, j;
        for(j=0;j<nReqYSize;j++)
        {
            for(i=0;i<nReqXSize;i++)
            {
                pabyDataR[i * nPixelSpace] = buffer[(i*4) + 2];
                pabyDataG[i * nPixelSpace] = buffer[(i*4) + 1];
                pabyDataB[i * nPixelSpace] = buffer[(i*4) + 0];
                if (nBands == 4)
                {
                    pabyDataA[i * nPixelSpace] = buffer[(i*4) + 3];
                }
            }
            pabyDataR += nLineSpace;
            pabyDataG += nLineSpace;
            pabyDataB += nLineSpace;
            pabyDataA += nLineSpace;
            buffer += stride;
        }
        FPDFBitmap_Destroy(bitmap);
    }
#endif  // ~ HAVE_PDFIUM

    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/* ==================================================================== */
/*                        PDFImageRasterBand                            */
/* ==================================================================== */
/************************************************************************/

class PDFImageRasterBand final: public PDFRasterBand
{
    friend class PDFDataset;

  public:

                PDFImageRasterBand( PDFDataset *, int );

    virtual CPLErr IReadBlock( int, int, void * ) override;
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                        PDFImageRasterBand()                          */
/************************************************************************/

PDFImageRasterBand::PDFImageRasterBand( PDFDataset *poDSIn, int nBandIn ) :
    PDFRasterBand(poDSIn, nBandIn, 0)
{}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IReadBlock()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDFImageRasterBand::IReadBlock( int CPL_UNUSED nBlockXOff, int nBlockYOff,
                                       void * pImage )
{
    PDFDataset *poGDS = (PDFDataset *) poDS;
    CPLAssert(poGDS->poImageObj != nullptr);

    if (poGDS->bTried == FALSE)
    {
        int nBands = (poGDS->nBands == 1) ? 1 : 3;
        poGDS->bTried = TRUE;
        if (nBands == 3)
        {
            poGDS->pabyCachedData = (GByte*)VSIMalloc3(nBands, nRasterXSize, nRasterYSize);
            if (poGDS->pabyCachedData == nullptr)
                return CE_Failure;
        }

        GDALPDFStream* poStream = poGDS->poImageObj->GetStream();
        GByte* pabyStream = nullptr;

        if (poStream == nullptr ||
            poStream->GetLength() != nBands * nRasterXSize * nRasterYSize ||
            (pabyStream = (GByte*) poStream->GetBytes()) == nullptr)
        {
            VSIFree(poGDS->pabyCachedData);
            poGDS->pabyCachedData = nullptr;
            return CE_Failure;
        }

        if (nBands == 3)
        {
            /* pixel interleaved to band interleaved */
            for(int i = 0; i < nRasterXSize * nRasterYSize; i++)
            {
                poGDS->pabyCachedData[0 * nRasterXSize * nRasterYSize + i] = pabyStream[3 * i + 0];
                poGDS->pabyCachedData[1 * nRasterXSize * nRasterYSize + i] = pabyStream[3 * i + 1];
                poGDS->pabyCachedData[2 * nRasterXSize * nRasterYSize + i] = pabyStream[3 * i + 2];
            }
            VSIFree(pabyStream);
        }
        else
            poGDS->pabyCachedData = pabyStream;
    }

    if (poGDS->pabyCachedData == nullptr)
        return CE_Failure;

    if (nBand == 4)
        memset(pImage, 255, nRasterXSize);
    else
        memcpy(pImage,
            poGDS->pabyCachedData + (nBand - 1) * nRasterXSize * nRasterYSize + nBlockYOff * nRasterXSize,
            nRasterXSize);

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            PDFDataset()                              */
/************************************************************************/

PDFDataset::PDFDataset( PDFDataset* poParentDSIn, int nXSize, int nYSize ) :
    poParentDS(poParentDSIn),
    pszWKT(nullptr),
    dfDPI(GDAL_DEFAULT_DPI),
    bHasCTM(FALSE),
    bGeoTransformValid(FALSE),
    nGCPCount(0),
    pasGCPList(nullptr),
    bProjDirty(FALSE),
    bNeatLineDirty(FALSE),
    bInfoDirty(FALSE),
    bXMPDirty(FALSE),
#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER
    poDocPoppler(nullptr),
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PODOFO
    poDocPodofo(nullptr),
    bPdfToPpmFailed(FALSE),
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
    poDocPdfium(poParentDSIn ? poParentDSIn->poDocPdfium : nullptr),
    poPagePdfium(poParentDSIn ? poParentDSIn->poPagePdfium : nullptr),
#endif
    poPageObj(nullptr),
    iPage(-1),
    poImageObj(nullptr),
    dfMaxArea(0),
    bTried(FALSE),
    pabyCachedData(nullptr),
    nLastBlockXOff(-1),
    nLastBlockYOff(-1),
    poNeatLine(nullptr),
#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER
    poCatalogObjectPoppler(nullptr),
#endif
    poCatalogObject(nullptr),
    bUseOCG(FALSE),
    bHasLoadedLayers(FALSE),
    nLayers(0),
    papoLayers(nullptr),
    dfPageWidth(0),
    dfPageHeight(0),
    bSetStyle(CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("OGR_PDF_SET_STYLE", "YES")))
{
    nRasterXSize = nXSize;
    nRasterYSize = nYSize;
    bUseLib.reset();
    if( poParentDSIn )
        bUseLib = poParentDS->bUseLib;
    adfGeoTransform[0] = 0;
    adfGeoTransform[1] = 1;
    adfGeoTransform[2] = 0;
    adfGeoTransform[3] = 0;
    adfGeoTransform[4] = 0;
    adfGeoTransform[5] = 1;
    nBlockXSize = 0;
    nBlockYSize = 0;

    InitMapOperators();
}

#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM

/************************************************************************/
/*                          IBuildOverviews()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDFDataset::IBuildOverviews( const char *pszResampling,
                                       int nOverviews, int *panOverviewList,
                                       int nListBands, int *panBandList,
                                       GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                       void *pProgressData )

{
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      In order for building external overviews to work properly we    */
/*      discard any concept of internal overviews when the user         */
/*      first requests to build external overviews.                     */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if( !apoOvrDS.empty() )
    {
        apoOvrDSBackup = apoOvrDS;
        apoOvrDS.clear();
    }

    return GDALPamDataset::IBuildOverviews( pszResampling,
                                            nOverviews, panOverviewList,
                                            nListBands, panBandList,
                                            pfnProgress, pProgressData );
}

#endif  // ~ HAVE_PDFIUM

/************************************************************************/
/*                           PDFFreeDoc()                               */
/************************************************************************/

#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER
static void PDFFreeDoc(PDFDoc* poDoc)
{
    if (poDoc)
    {
        /* hack to avoid potential cross heap issues on Win32 */
        /* str is the VSIPDFFileStream object passed in the constructor of PDFDoc */
        // NOTE: This is potentially very dangerous. See comment in VSIPDFFileStream::FillBuffer() */
        delete poDoc->str;
        poDoc->str = nullptr;

        delete poDoc;
    }
}
#endif

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetCatalog()                              */
/************************************************************************/

GDALPDFObject* PDFDataset::GetCatalog()
{
    if (poCatalogObject)
        return poCatalogObject;

#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER
    if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_POPPLER))
    {
        poCatalogObjectPoppler = new ObjectAutoFree;
#if POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 58
        *poCatalogObjectPoppler->getObj() = poDocPoppler->getXRef()->getCatalog();
#else
        poDocPoppler->getXRef()->getCatalog(poCatalogObjectPoppler->getObj());
#endif
        if (!poCatalogObjectPoppler->getObj()->isNull())
            poCatalogObject = new GDALPDFObjectPoppler(poCatalogObjectPoppler->getObj(), FALSE);
    }
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PODOFO
    if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PODOFO))
    {
        int nCatalogNum = 0;
        int nCatalogGen = 0;
        VSILFILE* fp = VSIFOpenL(osFilename.c_str(), "rb");
        if (fp != nullptr)
        {
            GDALPDFUpdateWriter oWriter(fp);
            if (oWriter.ParseTrailerAndXRef())
            {
                nCatalogNum = oWriter.GetCatalogNum().toInt();
                nCatalogGen = oWriter.GetCatalogGen();
            }
            oWriter.Close();
        }

        PoDoFo::PdfObject* poCatalogPodofo =
            poDocPodofo->GetObjects().GetObject(PoDoFo::PdfReference(nCatalogNum, nCatalogGen));
        if (poCatalogPodofo)
            poCatalogObject = new GDALPDFObjectPodofo(poCatalogPodofo, poDocPodofo->GetObjects());
    }
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
    if(bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PDFIUM))
    {
        CPDF_Dictionary* catalog = poDocPdfium->doc->GetRoot();
        if(catalog)
            poCatalogObject = GDALPDFObjectPdfium::Build(catalog);
    }
#endif  // ~ HAVE_PDFIUM

    return poCatalogObject;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            ~PDFDataset()                            */
/************************************************************************/

PDFDataset::~PDFDataset()
{
#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
    for(size_t i=0;i<apoOvrDS.size();i++)
        delete apoOvrDS[i];
    apoOvrDS.clear();
    for(size_t i=0;i<apoOvrDSBackup.size();i++)
        delete apoOvrDSBackup[i];
    apoOvrDSBackup.clear();
#endif

    CPLFree(pabyCachedData);
    pabyCachedData = nullptr;

    delete poNeatLine;
    poNeatLine = nullptr;

    /* Collect data necessary to update */
    int nNum = 0;
    int nGen = 0;
    GDALPDFDictionaryRW* poPageDictCopy = nullptr;
    GDALPDFDictionaryRW* poCatalogDictCopy = nullptr;
    if( poPageObj )
    {
        nNum = poPageObj->GetRefNum().toInt();
        nGen = poPageObj->GetRefGen();
        if (eAccess == GA_Update &&
            (bProjDirty || bNeatLineDirty || bInfoDirty || bXMPDirty) &&
            nNum != 0 &&
            poPageObj != nullptr &&
            poPageObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
        {
            poPageDictCopy = poPageObj->GetDictionary()->Clone();

            if (bXMPDirty)
            {
                /* We need the catalog because it points to the XMP Metadata object */
                GetCatalog();
                if (poCatalogObject && poCatalogObject->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
                    poCatalogDictCopy = poCatalogObject->GetDictionary()->Clone();
            }
        }
    }

    /* Close document (and file descriptor) to be able to open it */
    /* in read-write mode afterwards */
    delete poPageObj;
    poPageObj = nullptr;
    delete poCatalogObject;
    poCatalogObject = nullptr;
#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER
    if(bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_POPPLER)) {
        delete poCatalogObjectPoppler;
        PDFFreeDoc(poDocPoppler);
    }
    poDocPoppler = nullptr;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PODOFO
    if(bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PODOFO)) {
        delete poDocPodofo;
    }
    poDocPodofo = nullptr;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
    if( poParentDS == nullptr )
    {
        if(bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PDFIUM)) {
            UnloadPdfiumDocumentPage(&poDocPdfium, &poPagePdfium);
        }
    }
    poDocPdfium = nullptr;
    poPagePdfium = nullptr;
#endif  // ~ HAVE_PDFIUM

    /* Now do the update */
    if (poPageDictCopy)
    {
        VSILFILE* fp = VSIFOpenL(osFilename, "rb+");
        if (fp != nullptr)
        {
            GDALPDFUpdateWriter oWriter(fp);
            if (oWriter.ParseTrailerAndXRef())
            {
                if ((bProjDirty || bNeatLineDirty) && poPageDictCopy != nullptr)
                    oWriter.UpdateProj(this, dfDPI,
                                        poPageDictCopy, GDALPDFObjectNum(nNum), nGen);

                if (bInfoDirty)
                    oWriter.UpdateInfo(this);

                if (bXMPDirty && poCatalogDictCopy != nullptr)
                    oWriter.UpdateXMP(this, poCatalogDictCopy);
            }
            oWriter.Close();
        }
        else
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Cannot open %s in update mode", osFilename.c_str());
        }
    }
    delete poPageDictCopy;
    poPageDictCopy = nullptr;
    delete poCatalogDictCopy;
    poCatalogDictCopy = nullptr;

    if( nGCPCount > 0 )
    {
        GDALDeinitGCPs( nGCPCount, pasGCPList );
        CPLFree( pasGCPList );
        pasGCPList = nullptr;
        nGCPCount = 0;
    }
    CPLFree(pszWKT);
    pszWKT = nullptr;

    CleanupIntermediateResources();

    for(int i=0;i<nLayers;i++)
        delete papoLayers[i];
    CPLFree( papoLayers );

    // Do that only after having destroyed Poppler objects
    if( m_fp )
        VSIFCloseL(m_fp);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            IRasterIO()                               */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDFDataset::IRasterIO( GDALRWFlag eRWFlag,
                              int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize,
                              void * pData, int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize,
                              GDALDataType eBufType,
                              int nBandCount, int *panBandMap,
                              GSpacing nPixelSpace, GSpacing nLineSpace,
                              GSpacing nBandSpace,
                              GDALRasterIOExtraArg* psExtraArg)
{
    int nBandBlockXSize, nBandBlockYSize;
    int bReadPixels = FALSE;
    GetRasterBand(1)->GetBlockSize(&nBandBlockXSize, &nBandBlockYSize);
    if( aiTiles.empty() &&
        eRWFlag == GF_Read && nXSize == nBufXSize && nYSize == nBufYSize &&
        (nBufXSize > nBandBlockXSize || nBufYSize > nBandBlockYSize) &&
        eBufType == GDT_Byte && nBandCount == nBands &&
        (nBands >= 3 && panBandMap[0] == 1 && panBandMap[1] == 2 &&
         panBandMap[2] == 3 && ( nBands == 3 || panBandMap[3] == 4)) )
    {
        bReadPixels = TRUE;
#ifdef HAVE_PODOFO
        if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PODOFO) && nBands == 4)
        {
            bReadPixels = FALSE;
        }
#endif
    }

    if( bReadPixels )
        return ReadPixels(nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize,
                          nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, nBandSpace, (GByte*)pData);

    return GDALPamDataset::IRasterIO( eRWFlag,
                                        nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize,
                                        pData, nBufXSize, nBufYSize,
                                        eBufType,
                                        nBandCount, panBandMap,
                                        nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, nBandSpace, psExtraArg );
}

#ifdef notdef
/************************************************************************/
/*                            IRasterIO()                               */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDFRasterBand::IRasterIO( GDALRWFlag eRWFlag,
                              int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize,
                              void * pData, int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize,
                              GDALDataType eBufType,
                              GSpacing nPixelSpace, GSpacing nLineSpace,
                              GDALRasterIOExtraArg* psExtraArg)
{
    PDFDataset *poGDS = (PDFDataset *) poDS;
    int bReadPixels = FALSE;
    if( poGDS->aiTiles.empty() &&
        eRWFlag == GF_Read && nXSize == nBufXSize && nYSize == nBufYSize &&
        (nBufXSize > nBlockXSize || nBufYSize > nBlockYSize) &&
        eBufType == GDT_Byte )
    {
        bReadPixels = TRUE;
#ifdef HAVE_PODOFO
        if (poGDS->bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PODOFO) && poGDS->nBands == 4)
        {
            bReadPixels = FALSE;
        }
#endif
    }

    if( bReadPixels )
    {
        const CPLErr eErr = ReadPixels(nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize,
                                       nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, 0, nullptr);
        return eErr;
    }

    return GDALPamRasterBand::IRasterIO( eRWFlag,
                                        nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize,
                                        pData, nBufXSize, nBufYSize,
                                        eBufType,
                                        nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, psExtraArg );
}
#endif

/************************************************************************/
/*                             Identify()                               */
/************************************************************************/

int PDFDataset::Identify( GDALOpenInfo * poOpenInfo )
{
    if (STARTS_WITH(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "PDF:"))
        return TRUE;
    if (STARTS_WITH(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "PDF_IMAGE:"))
        return TRUE;

    if (poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes < 128)
        return FALSE;

    return STARTS_WITH((const char*)poOpenInfo->pabyHeader, "%PDF");
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                    PDFDatasetErrorFunction()                         */
/************************************************************************/

#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER

static void PDFDatasetErrorFunctionCommon(const CPLString& osError)
{
    if (strcmp(osError.c_str(), "Incorrect password") == 0)
        return;
    /* Reported on newer USGS GeoPDF */
    if (strcmp(osError.c_str(), "Couldn't find group for reference to set OFF") == 0)
    {
        CPLDebug("PDF", "%s", osError.c_str());
        return;
    }

    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s", osError.c_str());
}

static int g_nPopplerErrors = 0;
constexpr int MAX_POPPLER_ERRORS = 1000;

static void PDFDatasetErrorFunction(
#if !(POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 85)
                                    void* /* userData*/,
#endif
                                    ErrorCategory /* eErrCategory */,
                                    Goffset nPos,
#if POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 71
                                    const char *pszMsg
#else
                                    char *pszMsg
#endif
                                   )
{
    if( g_nPopplerErrors >= MAX_POPPLER_ERRORS )
    {
        // If there are too many errors, then unregister ourselves and turn
        // quiet error mode, as the error() function in poppler can spend
        // significant time formatting an error message we won't emit...
#if POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 85
        setErrorCallback(nullptr);
        globalParams->setErrQuiet(true);
#endif
        return;
    }

    g_nPopplerErrors ++;
    CPLString osError;

    if (nPos >= 0)
        osError.Printf("Pos = " CPL_FRMT_GUIB ", ", static_cast<GUIntBig>(nPos));
    osError += pszMsg;
    PDFDatasetErrorFunctionCommon(osError);
}
#endif

/************************************************************************/
/*                GDALPDFParseStreamContentOnlyDrawForm()               */
/************************************************************************/

static
CPLString GDALPDFParseStreamContentOnlyDrawForm(const char* pszContent)
{
    CPLString osToken;
    char ch;
    int nCurIdx = 0;
    CPLString osCurrentForm;

    //CPLDebug("PDF", "content = %s", pszContent);

    while((ch = *pszContent) != '\0')
    {
        if (ch == '%')
        {
            /* Skip comments until end-of-line */
            while((ch = *pszContent) != '\0')
            {
                if (ch == '\r' || ch == '\n')
                    break;
                pszContent ++;
            }
            if (ch == 0)
                break;
        }
        else if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\r' || ch == '\n')
        {
            if (!osToken.empty() )
            {
                if (nCurIdx == 0 && osToken[0] == '/')
                {
                    osCurrentForm = osToken.substr(1);
                    nCurIdx ++;
                }
                else if (nCurIdx == 1 && osToken == "Do")
                {
                    nCurIdx ++;
                }
                else
                {
                    return "";
                }
            }
            osToken = "";
        }
        else
            osToken += ch;
        pszContent ++;
    }

    return osCurrentForm;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                    GDALPDFParseStreamContent()                       */
/************************************************************************/

typedef enum
{
    STATE_INIT,
    STATE_AFTER_q,
    STATE_AFTER_cm,
    STATE_AFTER_Do
} PDFStreamState;

/* This parser is reduced to understanding sequences that draw rasters, such as :
   q
   scaleX 0 0 scaleY translateX translateY cm
   /ImXXX Do
   Q

   All other sequences will abort the parsing.

   Returns TRUE if the stream only contains images.
*/

static
int GDALPDFParseStreamContent(const char* pszContent,
                              GDALPDFDictionary* poXObjectDict,
                              double* pdfDPI,
                              int* pbDPISet,
                              int* pnBands,
                              std::vector<GDALPDFTileDesc>& asTiles,
                              int bAcceptRotationTerms)
{
    CPLString osToken;
    char ch;
    PDFStreamState nState = STATE_INIT;
    int nCurIdx = 0;
    double adfVals[6];
    CPLString osCurrentImage;

    double dfDPI = DEFAULT_DPI;
    *pbDPISet = FALSE;

    while((ch = *pszContent) != '\0')
    {
        if (ch == '%')
        {
            /* Skip comments until end-of-line */
            while((ch = *pszContent) != '\0')
            {
                if (ch == '\r' || ch == '\n')
                    break;
                pszContent ++;
            }
            if (ch == 0)
                break;
        }
        else if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\t' || ch == '\r' || ch == '\n')
        {
            if (!osToken.empty() )
            {
                if (nState == STATE_INIT)
                {
                    if (osToken == "q")
                    {
                        nState = STATE_AFTER_q;
                        nCurIdx = 0;
                    }
                    else if (osToken != "Q")
                        return FALSE;
                }
                else if (nState == STATE_AFTER_q)
                {
                    if (osToken == "q")
                    {
                        // ignore
                    }
                    else if (nCurIdx < 6)
                    {
                        adfVals[nCurIdx ++] = CPLAtof(osToken);
                    }
                    else if (nCurIdx == 6 && osToken == "cm")
                    {
                        nState = STATE_AFTER_cm;
                        nCurIdx = 0;
                    }
                    else
                        return FALSE;
                }
                else if (nState == STATE_AFTER_cm)
                {
                    if (nCurIdx == 0 && osToken[0] == '/')
                    {
                        osCurrentImage = osToken.substr(1);
                    }
                    else if (osToken == "Do")
                    {
                        nState = STATE_AFTER_Do;
                    }
                    else
                        return FALSE;
                }
                else if (nState == STATE_AFTER_Do)
                {
                    if (osToken == "Q")
                    {
                        GDALPDFObject* poImage = poXObjectDict->Get(osCurrentImage);
                        if (poImage != nullptr && poImage->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
                        {
                            GDALPDFTileDesc sTile;
                            GDALPDFDictionary* poImageDict = poImage->GetDictionary();
                            GDALPDFObject* poWidth = poImageDict->Get("Width");
                            GDALPDFObject* poHeight = poImageDict->Get("Height");
                            GDALPDFObject* poColorSpace = poImageDict->Get("ColorSpace");
                            GDALPDFObject* poSMask = poImageDict->Get("SMask");
                            if (poColorSpace && poColorSpace->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Name)
                            {
                                if (poColorSpace->GetName() == "DeviceRGB")
                                {
                                    sTile.nBands = 3;
                                    if ( *pnBands < 3)
                                        *pnBands = 3;
                                }
                                else if (poColorSpace->GetName() == "DeviceGray")
                                {
                                    sTile.nBands = 1;
                                    if ( *pnBands < 1)
                                        *pnBands = 1;
                                }
                                else
                                    sTile.nBands = 0;
                            }
                            if ( poSMask != nullptr )
                                *pnBands = 4;

                            if (poWidth && poHeight && ((bAcceptRotationTerms && adfVals[1] == -adfVals[2]) ||
                                                        (!bAcceptRotationTerms && adfVals[1] == 0.0 && adfVals[2] == 0.0)))
                            {
                                double dfWidth = Get(poWidth);
                                double dfHeight = Get(poHeight);
                                double dfScaleX = adfVals[0];
                                double dfScaleY = adfVals[3];
                                if( dfWidth > 0 && dfHeight > 0 &&
                                    dfScaleX > 0 && dfScaleY > 0 &&
                                    dfWidth / dfScaleX * DEFAULT_DPI < INT_MAX &&
                                    dfHeight / dfScaleY * DEFAULT_DPI < INT_MAX )
                                {
                                    double dfDPI_X = ROUND_TO_INT_IF_CLOSE(dfWidth / dfScaleX * DEFAULT_DPI, 1e-3);
                                    double dfDPI_Y = ROUND_TO_INT_IF_CLOSE(dfHeight / dfScaleY * DEFAULT_DPI, 1e-3);
                                    //CPLDebug("PDF", "Image %s, width = %.16g, height = %.16g, scaleX = %.16g, scaleY = %.16g --> DPI_X = %.16g, DPI_Y = %.16g",
                                    //                osCurrentImage.c_str(), dfWidth, dfHeight, dfScaleX, dfScaleY, dfDPI_X, dfDPI_Y);
                                    if (dfDPI_X > dfDPI) dfDPI = dfDPI_X;
                                    if (dfDPI_Y > dfDPI) dfDPI = dfDPI_Y;

                                    memcpy(&(sTile.adfCM), adfVals, 6 * sizeof(double));
                                    sTile.poImage = poImage;
                                    sTile.dfWidth = dfWidth;
                                    sTile.dfHeight = dfHeight;
                                    asTiles.push_back(sTile);

                                    *pbDPISet = TRUE;
                                    *pdfDPI = dfDPI;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        nState = STATE_INIT;
                    }
                    else
                        return FALSE;
                }
            }
            osToken = "";
        }
        else
            osToken += ch;
        pszContent ++;
    }

    return TRUE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         CheckTiledRaster()                           */
/************************************************************************/

int PDFDataset::CheckTiledRaster()
{
    size_t i;
    int l_nBlockXSize = 0;
    int l_nBlockYSize = 0;
    const double dfUserUnit = dfDPI * USER_UNIT_IN_INCH;

    /* First pass : check that all tiles have same DPI, */
    /* are contained entirely in the raster size, */
    /* and determine the block size */
    for(i=0; i<asTiles.size(); i++)
    {
        double dfDrawWidth = asTiles[i].adfCM[0] * dfUserUnit;
        double dfDrawHeight = asTiles[i].adfCM[3] * dfUserUnit;
        double dfX = asTiles[i].adfCM[4] * dfUserUnit;
        double dfY = asTiles[i].adfCM[5] * dfUserUnit;
        int nX = (int)(dfX+0.1);
        int nY = (int)(dfY+0.1);
        int nWidth = (int)(asTiles[i].dfWidth + 1e-8);
        int nHeight = (int)(asTiles[i].dfHeight + 1e-8);

        GDALPDFDictionary* poImageDict = asTiles[i].poImage->GetDictionary();
        GDALPDFObject* poBitsPerComponent = poImageDict->Get("BitsPerComponent");
        GDALPDFObject* poColorSpace = poImageDict->Get("ColorSpace");
        GDALPDFObject* poFilter = poImageDict->Get("Filter");

        /* Podofo cannot uncompress JPEG2000 streams */
        if( bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PODOFO) && poFilter != nullptr &&
            poFilter->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Name &&
            poFilter->GetName() == "JPXDecode" )
        {
            CPLDebug("PDF", "Tile %d : Incompatible image for tiled reading",
                     (int)i);
            return FALSE;
        }

        if( poBitsPerComponent == nullptr ||
            Get(poBitsPerComponent) != 8 ||
            poColorSpace == nullptr ||
            poColorSpace->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Name ||
            (poColorSpace->GetName() != "DeviceRGB" &&
             poColorSpace->GetName() != "DeviceGray") )
        {
            CPLDebug("PDF", "Tile %d : Incompatible image for tiled reading",
                     (int)i);
            return FALSE;
        }

        if( fabs(dfDrawWidth - asTiles[i].dfWidth) > 1e-2 ||
            fabs(dfDrawHeight - asTiles[i].dfHeight) > 1e-2 ||
            fabs(nWidth - asTiles[i].dfWidth) > 1e-8 ||
            fabs(nHeight - asTiles[i].dfHeight) > 1e-8 ||
            fabs(nX - dfX) > 1e-1 ||
            fabs(nY - dfY) > 1e-1 ||
            nX < 0 || nY < 0 || nX + nWidth > nRasterXSize ||
            nY >= nRasterYSize )
        {
            CPLDebug("PDF", "Tile %d : %f %f %f %f %f %f",
                     (int)i, dfX, dfY, dfDrawWidth, dfDrawHeight,
                     asTiles[i].dfWidth, asTiles[i].dfHeight);
            return FALSE;
        }
        if( l_nBlockXSize == 0 && l_nBlockYSize == 0 &&
            nX == 0 && nY != 0 )
        {
            l_nBlockXSize = nWidth;
            l_nBlockYSize = nHeight;
        }
    }
    if( l_nBlockXSize <= 0 || l_nBlockYSize <= 0 || l_nBlockXSize > 2048 || l_nBlockYSize > 2048 )
        return FALSE;

    int nXBlocks = DIV_ROUND_UP(nRasterXSize, l_nBlockXSize);
    int nYBlocks = DIV_ROUND_UP(nRasterYSize, l_nBlockYSize);

    /* Second pass to determine that all tiles are properly aligned on block size */
    for(i=0; i<asTiles.size(); i++)
    {
        double dfX = asTiles[i].adfCM[4] * dfUserUnit;
        double dfY = asTiles[i].adfCM[5] * dfUserUnit;
        int nX = (int)(dfX+0.1);
        int nY = (int)(dfY+0.1);
        int nWidth = (int)(asTiles[i].dfWidth + 1e-8);
        int nHeight = (int)(asTiles[i].dfHeight + 1e-8);
        int bOK = TRUE;
        int nBlockXOff = nX / l_nBlockXSize;
        if( (nX % l_nBlockXSize) != 0 )
            bOK = FALSE;
        if( nBlockXOff < nXBlocks - 1 && nWidth != l_nBlockXSize )
            bOK = FALSE;
        if( nBlockXOff == nXBlocks - 1 && nX + nWidth != nRasterXSize )
            bOK = FALSE;

        if( nY > 0 && nHeight != l_nBlockYSize )
            bOK = FALSE;
        if( nY == 0 && nHeight != nRasterYSize - (nYBlocks - 1) * l_nBlockYSize)
            bOK = FALSE;

        if( !bOK )
        {
            CPLDebug("PDF", "Tile %d : %d %d %d %d",
                     (int)i, nX, nY, nWidth, nHeight);
            return FALSE;
        }
    }

    /* Third pass to set the aiTiles array */
    aiTiles.resize(nXBlocks * nYBlocks, -1);
    for(i=0; i<asTiles.size(); i++)
    {
        double dfX = asTiles[i].adfCM[4] * dfUserUnit;
        double dfY = asTiles[i].adfCM[5] * dfUserUnit;
        int nHeight = (int)(asTiles[i].dfHeight + 1e-8);
        int nX = (int)(dfX+0.1);
        int nY = nRasterYSize - ((int)(dfY+0.1) + nHeight);
        int nBlockXOff = nX / l_nBlockXSize;
        int nBlockYOff = nY / l_nBlockYSize;
        aiTiles[ nBlockYOff * nXBlocks + nBlockXOff ] = (int) i;
    }

    this->nBlockXSize = l_nBlockXSize;
    this->nBlockYSize = l_nBlockYSize;

    return TRUE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GuessDPI()                              */
/************************************************************************/

void PDFDataset::GuessDPI(GDALPDFDictionary* poPageDict, int* pnBands)
{
    const char* pszDPI = GetOption(papszOpenOptions, "DPI", nullptr);
    if (pszDPI != nullptr)
    {
        // coverity[tainted_data]
        dfDPI = CPLAtof(pszDPI);
    }
    else
    {
        /* Try to get a better value from the images that are drawn */
        /* Very simplistic logic. Will only work for raster only PDF */

        GDALPDFObject* poContents = poPageDict->Get("Contents");
        if (poContents != nullptr && poContents->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Array)
        {
            GDALPDFArray* poContentsArray = poContents->GetArray();
            if (poContentsArray->GetLength() == 1)
            {
                poContents = poContentsArray->Get(0);
            }
        }

        GDALPDFObject* poXObject = poPageDict->LookupObject("Resources.XObject");
        if (poContents != nullptr &&
            poContents->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary &&
            poXObject != nullptr &&
            poXObject->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
        {
            GDALPDFDictionary* poXObjectDict = poXObject->GetDictionary();
            GDALPDFDictionary* poContentDict = poXObjectDict;
            GDALPDFStream* poPageStream = poContents->GetStream();
            if (poPageStream != nullptr)
            {
                char* pszContent = nullptr;
                int nLength = poPageStream->GetLength();
                int bResetTiles = FALSE;
                double dfScaleDPI = 1.0;

                if( nLength < 100000 )
                {
                    CPLString osForm;
                    pszContent = poPageStream->GetBytes();
                    if( pszContent != nullptr )
                    {
#ifdef DEBUG
                        const char* pszDumpStream = CPLGetConfigOption("PDF_DUMP_STREAM", nullptr);
                        if( pszDumpStream != nullptr )
                        {
                            VSILFILE* fpDump = VSIFOpenL(pszDumpStream, "wb");
                            if( fpDump )
                            {
                                VSIFWriteL(pszContent, 1, nLength, fpDump);
                                VSIFCloseL(fpDump);
                            }
                        }
#endif // DEBUG
                        osForm = GDALPDFParseStreamContentOnlyDrawForm(pszContent);
                        if (osForm.empty())
                        {
                            /* Special case for USGS Topo PDF, like CA_Hollywood_20090811_OM_geo.pdf */
                            const char* pszOGCDo = strstr(pszContent, " /XO1 Do");
                            if( pszOGCDo )
                            {
                                const char* pszcm = strstr(pszContent, " cm ");
                                if( pszcm != nullptr && pszcm < pszOGCDo )
                                {
                                    const char* pszNextcm = strstr(pszcm + 2, "cm");
                                    if( pszNextcm == nullptr || pszNextcm > pszOGCDo )
                                    {
                                        const char* pszIter = pszcm;
                                        while( pszIter > pszContent )
                                        {
                                            if( (*pszIter >= '0' && *pszIter <= '9') ||
                                                *pszIter == '-' ||
                                                *pszIter == '.' ||
                                                *pszIter == ' ' )
                                                pszIter --;
                                            else
                                            {
                                                pszIter ++;
                                                break;
                                            }
                                        }
                                        CPLString oscm(pszIter);
                                        oscm.resize(pszcm - pszIter);
                                        char** papszTokens = CSLTokenizeString(oscm);
                                        double dfScaleX = -1.0;
                                        double dfScaleY = -2.0;
                                        if( CSLCount(papszTokens) == 6 )
                                        {
                                            dfScaleX = CPLAtof(papszTokens[0]);
                                            dfScaleY = CPLAtof(papszTokens[3]);
                                        }
                                        CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
                                        if( dfScaleX == dfScaleY && dfScaleX > 0.0 )
                                        {
                                            osForm = "XO1";
                                            bResetTiles = TRUE;
                                            dfScaleDPI = 1.0 / dfScaleX;
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    osForm = "XO1";
                                    bResetTiles = TRUE;
                                }
                            }
                            /* Special case for USGS Topo PDF, like CA_Sacramento_East_20120308_TM_geo.pdf */
                            else
                            {
                                CPLString osOCG = FindLayerOCG(poPageDict, "Orthoimage");
                                if( !osOCG.empty() )
                                {
                                    const char* pszBDCLookup = CPLSPrintf("/OC /%s BDC", osOCG.c_str());
                                    const char* pszBDC = strstr(pszContent, pszBDCLookup);
                                    if( pszBDC != nullptr )
                                    {
                                        const char* pszIter = pszBDC + strlen(pszBDCLookup);
                                        while( *pszIter != '\0' )
                                        {
                                            if( *pszIter == 13 || *pszIter == 10 ||
                                                *pszIter == ' '|| *pszIter == 'q' )
                                                pszIter ++;
                                            else
                                                break;
                                        }
                                        if( STARTS_WITH(pszIter, "1 0 0 1 0 0 cm\n") )
                                            pszIter += strlen("1 0 0 1 0 0 cm\n");
                                        if( *pszIter == '/' )
                                        {
                                            pszIter ++;
                                            const char* pszDo = strstr(pszIter, " Do");
                                            if( pszDo != nullptr )
                                            {
                                                osForm = pszIter;
                                                osForm.resize(pszDo - pszIter);
                                                bResetTiles = TRUE;
                                            }
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    if (!osForm.empty() )
                    {
                        CPLFree(pszContent);
                        pszContent = nullptr;

                        GDALPDFObject* poObjForm = poXObjectDict->Get(osForm);
                        if (poObjForm != nullptr &&
                            poObjForm->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary &&
                            (poPageStream = poObjForm->GetStream()) != nullptr)
                        {
                            GDALPDFDictionary* poObjFormDict = poObjForm->GetDictionary();
                            GDALPDFObject* poSubtype =
                                poObjFormDict->Get("Subtype");
                            if( poSubtype != nullptr &&
                                poSubtype->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Name &&
                                poSubtype->GetName() == "Form" )
                            {
                                nLength = poPageStream->GetLength();
                                if( nLength < 100000 )
                                {
                                    pszContent = poPageStream->GetBytes();

                                    GDALPDFObject* poXObject2 = poObjFormDict->LookupObject("Resources.XObject");
                                    if( poXObject2 != nullptr &&
                                        poXObject2->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary )
                                        poContentDict = poXObject2->GetDictionary();
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                if (pszContent != nullptr)
                {
                    int bDPISet = FALSE;

                    const char* pszContentToParse = pszContent;
                    if( bResetTiles )
                    {
                        while( *pszContentToParse != '\0' )
                        {
                            if( *pszContentToParse == 13 || *pszContentToParse == 10 ||
                                *pszContentToParse == ' ' ||
                                (*pszContentToParse >= '0' && *pszContentToParse <= '9') ||
                                *pszContentToParse == '.' ||
                                *pszContentToParse == '-' ||
                                *pszContentToParse == 'l' ||
                                *pszContentToParse == 'm' ||
                                *pszContentToParse == 'n' ||
                                *pszContentToParse == 'W' )
                                pszContentToParse ++;
                            else
                                break;
                        }
                    }

                    GDALPDFParseStreamContent(pszContentToParse,
                                              poContentDict,
                                              &(dfDPI),
                                              &bDPISet,
                                              pnBands,
                                              asTiles,
                                              bResetTiles);
                    CPLFree(pszContent);
                    if (bDPISet)
                    {
                        dfDPI *= dfScaleDPI;

                        CPLDebug("PDF", "DPI guessed from contents stream = %.16g", dfDPI);
                        SetMetadataItem("DPI", CPLSPrintf("%.16g", dfDPI));
                        if( bResetTiles )
                            asTiles.resize(0);
                    }
                    else
                        asTiles.resize(0);
                }
            }
        }

        GDALPDFObject* poUserUnit = nullptr;
        if ( (poUserUnit = poPageDict->Get("UserUnit")) != nullptr &&
              (poUserUnit->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Int ||
               poUserUnit->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Real) )
        {
            dfDPI = ROUND_TO_INT_IF_CLOSE(Get(poUserUnit) * DEFAULT_DPI, 1e-5);
            CPLDebug("PDF", "Found UserUnit in Page --> DPI = %.16g", dfDPI);
            SetMetadataItem("DPI", CPLSPrintf("%.16g", dfDPI));
        }
    }

    if (dfDPI < 1 || dfDPI > 7200)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Invalid value for GDAL_PDF_DPI. Using default value instead");
        dfDPI = GDAL_DEFAULT_DPI;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              FindXMP()                               */
/************************************************************************/

void PDFDataset::FindXMP(GDALPDFObject* poObj)
{
    if (poObj->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
        return;

    GDALPDFDictionary* poDict = poObj->GetDictionary();
    GDALPDFObject* poType = poDict->Get("Type");
    GDALPDFObject* poSubtype = poDict->Get("Subtype");
    if (poType == nullptr ||
        poType->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Name ||
        poType->GetName() != "Metadata" ||
        poSubtype == nullptr ||
        poSubtype->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Name ||
        poSubtype->GetName() != "XML")
    {
        return;
    }

    GDALPDFStream* poStream = poObj->GetStream();
    if (poStream == nullptr)
        return;

    char* pszContent = poStream->GetBytes();
    int nLength = (int)poStream->GetLength();
    if (pszContent != nullptr && nLength > 15 &&
        STARTS_WITH(pszContent, "<?xpacket begin="))
    {
        char *apszMDList[2];
        apszMDList[0] = pszContent;
        apszMDList[1] = nullptr;
        SetMetadata(apszMDList, "xml:XMP");
    }
    CPLFree(pszContent);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             ParseInfo()                              */
/************************************************************************/

void PDFDataset::ParseInfo(GDALPDFObject* poInfoObj)
{
    if (poInfoObj->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
        return;

    GDALPDFDictionary* poInfoObjDict = poInfoObj->GetDictionary();
    GDALPDFObject* poItem = nullptr;
    int bOneMDISet = FALSE;
    if ((poItem = poInfoObjDict->Get("Author")) != nullptr &&
            poItem->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String)
    {
        SetMetadataItem("AUTHOR", poItem->GetString().c_str());
        bOneMDISet = TRUE;
    }
    if ((poItem = poInfoObjDict->Get("Creator")) != nullptr &&
            poItem->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String)
    {
        SetMetadataItem("CREATOR", poItem->GetString().c_str());
        bOneMDISet = TRUE;
    }
    if ((poItem = poInfoObjDict->Get("Keywords")) != nullptr &&
            poItem->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String)
    {
        SetMetadataItem("KEYWORDS", poItem->GetString().c_str());
        bOneMDISet = TRUE;
    }
    if ((poItem = poInfoObjDict->Get("Subject")) != nullptr &&
            poItem->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String)
    {
        SetMetadataItem("SUBJECT", poItem->GetString().c_str());
        bOneMDISet = TRUE;
    }
    if ((poItem = poInfoObjDict->Get("Title")) != nullptr &&
            poItem->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String)
    {
        SetMetadataItem("TITLE", poItem->GetString().c_str());
        bOneMDISet = TRUE;
    }
    if ((poItem = poInfoObjDict->Get("Producer")) != nullptr &&
            poItem->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String)
    {
        if (bOneMDISet || poItem->GetString() != "PoDoFo - http://podofo.sf.net")
        {
            SetMetadataItem("PRODUCER", poItem->GetString().c_str());
            bOneMDISet = TRUE;
        }
    }
    if ((poItem = poInfoObjDict->Get("CreationDate")) != nullptr &&
        poItem->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String)
    {
        if (bOneMDISet)
            SetMetadataItem("CREATION_DATE", poItem->GetString().c_str());
    }
}

#if defined(HAVE_POPPLER) || defined(HAVE_PDFIUM)

/************************************************************************/
/*                               AddLayer()                             */
/************************************************************************/

void PDFDataset::AddLayer(const char* pszLayerName)
{
    int nNewIndex = osLayerList.size() /*/ 2*/;

    if (nNewIndex == 100)
    {
        CPLStringList osNewLayerList;
        for(int i=0;i<100;i++)
        {
            osNewLayerList.AddNameValue(CPLSPrintf("LAYER_%03d_NAME", i),
                                        osLayerList[/*2 * */ i] + strlen("LAYER_00_NAME="));
        }
        osLayerList = std::move(osNewLayerList);
    }

    char szFormatName[64];
    snprintf(szFormatName, sizeof(szFormatName), "LAYER_%%0%dd_NAME",  nNewIndex >= 100 ? 3 : 2);

    osLayerList.AddNameValue(CPLSPrintf(szFormatName, nNewIndex),
                             pszLayerName);
}

#endif//  defined(HAVE_POPPLER) || defined(HAVE_PDFIUM)

#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER

/************************************************************************/
/*                       ExploreLayersPoppler()                         */
/************************************************************************/

void PDFDataset::ExploreLayersPoppler(GDALPDFArray* poArray,
                               CPLString osTopLayer,
                               int nRecLevel,
                               int& nVisited,
                               bool& bStop)
{
    if( nRecLevel == 16 || nVisited == 1000 )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "ExploreLayersPoppler(): too deep exploration or too many items");
        bStop = true;
        return;
    }
    if( bStop )
        return;

    int nLength = poArray->GetLength();
    CPLString osCurLayer;
    for(int i=0;i<nLength;i++)
    {
        nVisited++;
        GDALPDFObject* poObj = poArray->Get(i);
        if( poObj == nullptr )
            continue;
        if (i == 0 && poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String)
        {
            CPLString osName = PDFSanitizeLayerName(poObj->GetString().c_str());
            if (!osTopLayer.empty() )
                osTopLayer = osTopLayer + "." + osName;
            else
                osTopLayer = osName;
            AddLayer(osTopLayer.c_str());
            oLayerOCGListPoppler.push_back(
                std::pair<CPLString, OptionalContentGroup*>(osTopLayer, nullptr));
        }
        else if (poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Array)
        {
            ExploreLayersPoppler(poObj->GetArray(), osCurLayer, nRecLevel + 1, nVisited, bStop);
            if( bStop )
                return;
            osCurLayer = "";
        }
        else if (poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
        {
            GDALPDFDictionary* poDict = poObj->GetDictionary();
            GDALPDFObject* poName = poDict->Get("Name");
            if (poName != nullptr && poName->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String)
            {
                CPLString osName = PDFSanitizeLayerName(poName->GetString().c_str());
                /* coverity[copy_paste_error] */
                if (!osTopLayer.empty() )
                    osCurLayer = osTopLayer + "." + osName;
                else
                    osCurLayer = osName;
                //CPLDebug("PDF", "Layer %s", osCurLayer.c_str());

                OCGs* optContentConfig = poDocPoppler->getOptContentConfig();
                struct Ref r;
                r.num = poObj->GetRefNum().toInt();
                r.gen = poObj->GetRefGen();
                OptionalContentGroup* ocg = optContentConfig->findOcgByRef(r);
                if (ocg)
                {
                    AddLayer(osCurLayer.c_str());
                    oLayerOCGListPoppler.push_back(std::make_pair(osCurLayer, ocg));
                    aoLayerWithRef.emplace_back(
                        osCurLayer.c_str(), poObj->GetRefNum(), r.gen);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         FindLayersPoppler()                          */
/************************************************************************/

void PDFDataset::FindLayersPoppler()
{
    OCGs* optContentConfig = poDocPoppler->getOptContentConfig();
    if (optContentConfig == nullptr || !optContentConfig->isOk() )
        return;

    Array* array = optContentConfig->getOrderArray();
    if (array)
    {
        GDALPDFArray* poArray = GDALPDFCreateArray(array);
        int nVisited = 0;
        bool bStop = false;
        ExploreLayersPoppler(poArray, CPLString(), 0, nVisited, bStop);
        delete poArray;
    }
    else
    {
#if POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 69
        for( const auto& refOCGPair: optContentConfig->getOCGs() )
        {
            auto ocg = refOCGPair.second.get();
#else
        GooList* ocgList = optContentConfig->getOCGs();
        for(int i=0;i<ocgList->getLength();i++)
        {
            OptionalContentGroup* ocg = (OptionalContentGroup*) ocgList->get(i);
#endif
            if( ocg != nullptr && ocg->getName() != nullptr )
            {
#if (POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 72)
                const char* pszLayerName = (const char*)ocg->getName()->c_str();
#else
                const char* pszLayerName = (const char*)ocg->getName()->getCString();
#endif
                AddLayer(pszLayerName);
                oLayerOCGListPoppler.push_back(std::make_pair(CPLString(pszLayerName), ocg));
            }
        }
    }

    oMDMD_PDF.SetMetadata(osLayerList.List(), "LAYERS");
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       TurnLayersOnOffPoppler()                       */
/************************************************************************/

void PDFDataset::TurnLayersOnOffPoppler()
{
    OCGs* optContentConfig = poDocPoppler->getOptContentConfig();
    if (optContentConfig == nullptr || !optContentConfig->isOk() )
        return;

    // Which layers to turn ON ?
    const char* pszLayers = GetOption(papszOpenOptions, "LAYERS", nullptr);
    if (pszLayers)
    {
        int i;
        int bAll = EQUAL(pszLayers, "ALL");
#if POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 69
        for( const auto& refOCGPair: optContentConfig->getOCGs() )
        {
            auto ocg = refOCGPair.second.get();
#else
        GooList* ocgList = optContentConfig->getOCGs();
        for(i=0;i<ocgList->getLength();i++)
        {
            OptionalContentGroup* ocg = (OptionalContentGroup*) ocgList->get(i);
#endif
            ocg->setState( (bAll) ? OptionalContentGroup::On : OptionalContentGroup::Off );
        }

        char** papszLayers = CSLTokenizeString2(pszLayers, ",", 0);
        for(i=0;!bAll && papszLayers[i] != nullptr;i++)
        {
            bool isFound = false;
            for (auto oIter2 = oLayerOCGListPoppler.begin();
                oIter2 != oLayerOCGListPoppler.end(); ++oIter2)
            {
                if (oIter2->first != papszLayers[i])
                    continue;

                isFound = true;
                auto oIter = oIter2;
                if (oIter->second)
                {
                    //CPLDebug("PDF", "Turn '%s' on", papszLayers[i]);
                    oIter->second->setState(OptionalContentGroup::On);
                }

                // Turn child layers on, unless there's one of them explicitly listed
                // in the list.
                size_t nLen = strlen(papszLayers[i]);
                int bFoundChildLayer = FALSE;
                oIter = oLayerOCGListPoppler.begin();
                for (; oIter != oLayerOCGListPoppler.end() && !bFoundChildLayer; ++oIter)
                {
                    if (oIter->first.size() > nLen &&
                        strncmp(oIter->first.c_str(), papszLayers[i], nLen) == 0 &&
                        oIter->first[nLen] == '.')
                    {
                        for(int j=0;papszLayers[j] != nullptr;j++)
                        {
                            if (strcmp(papszLayers[j], oIter->first.c_str()) == 0)
                            {
                                bFoundChildLayer = TRUE;
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                if( !bFoundChildLayer )
                {
                    oIter = oLayerOCGListPoppler.begin();
                    for (; oIter != oLayerOCGListPoppler.end() && !bFoundChildLayer; ++oIter)
                    {
                        if (oIter->first.size() > nLen &&
                            strncmp(oIter->first.c_str(), papszLayers[i], nLen) == 0 &&
                            oIter->first[nLen] == '.')
                        {
                            if (oIter->second)
                            {
                                //CPLDebug("PDF", "Turn '%s' on too", oIter->first.c_str());
                                oIter->second->setState(OptionalContentGroup::On);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                // Turn parent layers on too
                std::string layer(papszLayers[i]);
                std::string::size_type j;
                while ((j = layer.find_last_of('.')) != std::string::npos)
                {
                    layer.resize(j);
                    oIter = oLayerOCGListPoppler.begin();
                    for (; oIter != oLayerOCGListPoppler.end(); ++oIter)
                    {
                        if (oIter->first == layer && oIter->second)
                        {
                            //CPLDebug("PDF", "Turn '%s' on too", layer.c_str());
                            oIter->second->setState(OptionalContentGroup::On);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            if (!isFound)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined, "Unknown layer '%s'",
                            papszLayers[i]);
            }
        }
        CSLDestroy(papszLayers);

        bUseOCG = TRUE;
    }

    // Which layers to turn OFF ?
    const char* pszLayersOFF = GetOption(papszOpenOptions, "LAYERS_OFF", nullptr);
    if (pszLayersOFF)
    {
        char** papszLayersOFF = CSLTokenizeString2(pszLayersOFF, ",", 0);
        for(int i=0;papszLayersOFF[i] != nullptr;i++)
        {
            bool isFound = false;
            for (auto oIter2 = oLayerOCGListPoppler.begin();
                oIter2 != oLayerOCGListPoppler.end(); ++oIter2)
            {
                if (oIter2->first != papszLayersOFF[i])
                    continue;

                isFound = true;
                auto oIter = oIter2;
                if (oIter->second)
                {
                    //CPLDebug("PDF", "Turn '%s' off", papszLayersOFF[i]);
                    oIter->second->setState(OptionalContentGroup::Off);
                }

                // Turn child layers off too
                size_t nLen = strlen(papszLayersOFF[i]);
                oIter = oLayerOCGListPoppler.begin();
                for (; oIter != oLayerOCGListPoppler.end(); ++oIter)
                {
                    if (oIter->first.size() > nLen &&
                        strncmp(oIter->first.c_str(), papszLayersOFF[i], nLen) == 0 &&
                        oIter->first[nLen] == '.')
                    {
                        if (oIter->second)
                        {
                            //CPLDebug("PDF", "Turn '%s' off too", oIter->first.c_str());
                            oIter->second->setState(OptionalContentGroup::Off);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            if (!isFound)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined, "Unknown layer '%s'",
                            papszLayersOFF[i]);
            }
        }
        CSLDestroy(papszLayersOFF);

        bUseOCG = TRUE;
    }
}

#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM

/************************************************************************/
/*                       ExploreLayersPdfium()                          */
/************************************************************************/

void PDFDataset::ExploreLayersPdfium(GDALPDFArray* poArray,
                               int nRecLevel,
                               CPLString osTopLayer)
{
    if( nRecLevel == 16 )
        return;

    int nLength = poArray->GetLength();
    CPLString osCurLayer;
    for(int i=0;i<nLength;i++)
    {
        GDALPDFObject* poObj = poArray->Get(i);
        if( poObj == nullptr )
            continue;
        if (i == 0 && poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String)
        {
            CPLString osName = PDFSanitizeLayerName(poObj->GetString().c_str());
            if (!osTopLayer.empty() )
                osTopLayer = osTopLayer + "." + osName;
            else
                osTopLayer = osName;
            AddLayer(osTopLayer.c_str());
            oMapLayerNameToOCGNumGenPdfium[osTopLayer] =
                    std::pair<int,int>(-1, -1);
        }
        else if (poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Array)
        {
            ExploreLayersPdfium(poObj->GetArray(), nRecLevel + 1, osCurLayer);
            osCurLayer = "";
        }
        else if (poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
        {
            GDALPDFDictionary* poDict = poObj->GetDictionary();
            GDALPDFObject* poName = poDict->Get("Name");
            if (poName != nullptr && poName->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String)
            {
                CPLString osName = PDFSanitizeLayerName(poName->GetString().c_str());
                // coverity[copy_paste_error]
                if (!osTopLayer.empty() )
                    osCurLayer = osTopLayer + "." + osName;
                else
                    osCurLayer = osName;
                //CPLDebug("PDF", "Layer %s", osCurLayer.c_str());

                AddLayer(osCurLayer.c_str());
                aoLayerWithRef.emplace_back(osCurLayer, poObj->GetRefNum(), poObj->GetRefGen());
                oMapLayerNameToOCGNumGenPdfium[osCurLayer] =
                    std::pair<int,int>(poObj->GetRefNum().toInt(), poObj->GetRefGen());
            }
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         FindLayersPdfium()                          */
/************************************************************************/

void PDFDataset::FindLayersPdfium()
{
    GDALPDFObject* poCatalog = GetCatalog();
    if( poCatalog == nullptr || poCatalog->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Dictionary )
        return;
    GDALPDFObject* poOrder = poCatalog->LookupObject("OCProperties.D.Order");
    if( poOrder != nullptr && poOrder->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Array )
    {
        ExploreLayersPdfium(poOrder->GetArray(), 0);
    }
#if 0
    else
    {
        GDALPDFObject* poOCGs = poD->GetDictionary()->Get("OCGs");
        if( poOCGs != nullptr && poOCGs->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Array )
        {
            GDALPDFArray* poArray = poOCGs->GetArray();
            int nLength = poArray->GetLength();
            for(int i=0;i<nLength;i++)
            {
                GDALPDFObject* poObj = poArray->Get(i);
                if( poObj != nullptr )
                {
                    // TODO ?
                }
            }
        }
    }
#endif

    oMDMD_PDF.SetMetadata(osLayerList.List(), "LAYERS");
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       TurnLayersOnOffPdfium()                       */
/************************************************************************/

void PDFDataset::TurnLayersOnOffPdfium()
{
    GDALPDFObject* poCatalog = GetCatalog();
    if( poCatalog == nullptr || poCatalog->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Dictionary )
        return;
    GDALPDFObject* poOCGs = poCatalog->LookupObject("OCProperties.OCGs");
    if( poOCGs == nullptr || poOCGs->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Array )
        return;

    // Which layers to turn ON ?
    const char* pszLayers = GetOption(papszOpenOptions, "LAYERS", nullptr);
    if (pszLayers)
    {
        int i;
        int bAll = EQUAL(pszLayers, "ALL");

        GDALPDFArray* poOCGsArray = poOCGs->GetArray();
        int nLength = poOCGsArray->GetLength();
        for(i=0;i<nLength;i++)
        {
            GDALPDFObject* poOCG = poOCGsArray->Get(i);
            oMapOCGNumGenToVisibilityStatePdfium[ std::pair<int,int>(poOCG->GetRefNum().toInt(), poOCG->GetRefGen()) ] =
                (bAll) ? VISIBILITY_ON : VISIBILITY_OFF;
        }

        char** papszLayers = CSLTokenizeString2(pszLayers, ",", 0);
        for(i=0;!bAll && papszLayers[i] != nullptr;i++)
        {
            std::map< CPLString, std::pair<int,int> >::iterator oIter =
                oMapLayerNameToOCGNumGenPdfium.find(papszLayers[i]);
            if (oIter != oMapLayerNameToOCGNumGenPdfium.end())
            {
                if (oIter->second.first >= 0)
                {
                    //CPLDebug("PDF", "Turn '%s' on", papszLayers[i]);
                    oMapOCGNumGenToVisibilityStatePdfium[ oIter->second ] = VISIBILITY_ON;
                }

                // Turn child layers on, unless there's one of them explicitly listed
                // in the list.
                size_t nLen = strlen(papszLayers[i]);
                int bFoundChildLayer = FALSE;
                oIter = oMapLayerNameToOCGNumGenPdfium.begin();
                for( ; oIter != oMapLayerNameToOCGNumGenPdfium.end() && !bFoundChildLayer; oIter ++)
                {
                    if (oIter->first.size() > nLen &&
                        strncmp(oIter->first.c_str(), papszLayers[i], nLen) == 0 &&
                        oIter->first[nLen] == '.')
                    {
                        for(int j=0;papszLayers[j] != nullptr;j++)
                        {
                            if (strcmp(papszLayers[j], oIter->first.c_str()) == 0)
                                bFoundChildLayer = TRUE;
                        }
                    }
                }

                if( !bFoundChildLayer )
                {
                    oIter = oMapLayerNameToOCGNumGenPdfium.begin();
                    for( ; oIter != oMapLayerNameToOCGNumGenPdfium.end() && !bFoundChildLayer; oIter ++)
                    {
                        if (oIter->first.size() > nLen &&
                            strncmp(oIter->first.c_str(), papszLayers[i], nLen) == 0 &&
                            oIter->first[nLen] == '.')
                        {
                            if (oIter->second.first >= 0 )
                            {
                                //CPLDebug("PDF", "Turn '%s' on too", oIter->first.c_str());
                                oMapOCGNumGenToVisibilityStatePdfium[ oIter->second ] = VISIBILITY_ON;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                // Turn parent layers on too
                char* pszLastDot = nullptr;
                while( (pszLastDot = strrchr(papszLayers[i], '.')) != nullptr)
                {
                    *pszLastDot = '\0';
                    oIter = oMapLayerNameToOCGNumGenPdfium.find(papszLayers[i]);
                    if (oIter != oMapLayerNameToOCGNumGenPdfium.end())
                    {
                        if (oIter->second.first >= 0 )
                        {
                            //CPLDebug("PDF", "Turn '%s' on too", papszLayers[i]);
                            oMapOCGNumGenToVisibilityStatePdfium[ oIter->second ] = VISIBILITY_ON;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            else
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined, "Unknown layer '%s'",
                            papszLayers[i]);
            }
        }
        CSLDestroy(papszLayers);

        bUseOCG = TRUE;
    }

    // Which layers to turn OFF ?
    const char* pszLayersOFF = GetOption(papszOpenOptions, "LAYERS_OFF", nullptr);
    if (pszLayersOFF)
    {
        char** papszLayersOFF = CSLTokenizeString2(pszLayersOFF, ",", 0);
        for(int i=0;papszLayersOFF[i] != nullptr;i++)
        {
            std::map< CPLString, std::pair<int,int> >::iterator oIter =
                oMapLayerNameToOCGNumGenPdfium.find(papszLayersOFF[i]);
            if (oIter != oMapLayerNameToOCGNumGenPdfium.end())
            {
                if (oIter->second.first >= 0 )
                {
                    //CPLDebug("PDF", "Turn '%s' off", papszLayersOFF[i]);
                    oMapOCGNumGenToVisibilityStatePdfium[ oIter->second ] = VISIBILITY_OFF;
                }

                // Turn child layers off too
                size_t nLen = strlen(papszLayersOFF[i]);
                oIter = oMapLayerNameToOCGNumGenPdfium.begin();
                for( ; oIter != oMapLayerNameToOCGNumGenPdfium.end(); oIter ++)
                {
                    if (oIter->first.size() > nLen &&
                        strncmp(oIter->first.c_str(), papszLayersOFF[i], nLen) == 0 &&
                        oIter->first[nLen] == '.')
                    {
                        if (oIter->second.first >= 0 )
                        {
                            //CPLDebug("PDF", "Turn '%s' off too", oIter->first.c_str());
                            oMapOCGNumGenToVisibilityStatePdfium[ oIter->second ] = VISIBILITY_OFF;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            else
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined, "Unknown layer '%s'",
                            papszLayersOFF[i]);
            }
        }
        CSLDestroy(papszLayersOFF);

        bUseOCG = TRUE;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                    GetVisibilityStateForOGCPdfium()                  */
/************************************************************************/

PDFDataset::VisibilityState PDFDataset::GetVisibilityStateForOGCPdfium(int nNum, int nGen)
{
    std::map< std::pair<int,int>, VisibilityState >::iterator oIter =
            oMapOCGNumGenToVisibilityStatePdfium.find(std::pair<int,int>(nNum,nGen));
    if( oIter == oMapOCGNumGenToVisibilityStatePdfium.end() )
        return VISIBILITY_DEFAULT;
    return oIter->second;
}

#endif /* HAVE_PDFIUM */

/************************************************************************/
/*                           FindLayerOCG()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLString PDFDataset::FindLayerOCG(GDALPDFDictionary* poPageDict,
                                   const char* pszLayerName)
{
    GDALPDFObject* poProperties =
        poPageDict->LookupObject("Resources.Properties");
    if (poProperties != nullptr &&
        poProperties->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
    {
        std::map<CPLString, GDALPDFObject*>& oMap =
                                poProperties->GetDictionary()->GetValues();
        std::map<CPLString, GDALPDFObject*>::iterator oIter = oMap.begin();
        std::map<CPLString, GDALPDFObject*>::iterator oEnd = oMap.end();

        for(; oIter != oEnd; ++oIter)
        {
            GDALPDFObject* poObj = oIter->second;
            if( poObj->GetRefNum().toBool() && poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary )
            {
                GDALPDFObject* poType = poObj->GetDictionary()->Get("Type");
                GDALPDFObject* poName = poObj->GetDictionary()->Get("Name");
                if( poType != nullptr &&
                    poType->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Name &&
                    poType->GetName() == "OCG" &&
                    poName != nullptr &&
                    poName->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String )
                {
                    if( strcmp(poName->GetString().c_str(), pszLayerName) ==  0)
                        return oIter->first;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return "";
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         FindLayersGeneric()                          */
/************************************************************************/

void PDFDataset::FindLayersGeneric(GDALPDFDictionary* poPageDict)
{
    GDALPDFObject* poProperties =
        poPageDict->LookupObject("Resources.Properties");
    if (poProperties != nullptr &&
        poProperties->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
    {
        std::map<CPLString, GDALPDFObject*>& oMap =
                                poProperties->GetDictionary()->GetValues();
        std::map<CPLString, GDALPDFObject*>::iterator oIter = oMap.begin();
        std::map<CPLString, GDALPDFObject*>::iterator oEnd = oMap.end();

        for(; oIter != oEnd; ++oIter)
        {
            GDALPDFObject* poObj = oIter->second;
            if( poObj->GetRefNum().toBool() && poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary )
            {
                GDALPDFObject* poType = poObj->GetDictionary()->Get("Type");
                GDALPDFObject* poName = poObj->GetDictionary()->Get("Name");
                if( poType != nullptr &&
                    poType->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Name &&
                    poType->GetName() == "OCG" &&
                    poName != nullptr &&
                    poName->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String )
                {
                    aoLayerWithRef.emplace_back(
                        PDFSanitizeLayerName(poName->GetString()).c_str(),
                        poObj->GetRefNum(),
                        poObj->GetRefGen());
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                Open()                                */
/************************************************************************/

PDFDataset *PDFDataset::Open( GDALOpenInfo * poOpenInfo )

{
    if (!Identify(poOpenInfo))
        return nullptr;

    const char* pszUserPwd = GetOption(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "USER_PWD", nullptr);

    int bOpenSubdataset = STARTS_WITH(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "PDF:");
    int bOpenSubdatasetImage = STARTS_WITH(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "PDF_IMAGE:");
    int iPage = -1;
    int nImageNum = -1;
    const char* pszFilename = poOpenInfo->pszFilename;

    if (bOpenSubdataset)
    {
        iPage = atoi(pszFilename + 4);
        if (iPage <= 0)
            return nullptr;
         pszFilename = strchr(pszFilename + 4, ':');
        if (pszFilename == nullptr)
            return nullptr;
        pszFilename ++;
    }
    else if (bOpenSubdatasetImage)
    {
        iPage = atoi(pszFilename + 10);
        if (iPage <= 0)
            return nullptr;
        const char* pszNext = strchr(pszFilename + 10, ':');
        if (pszNext == nullptr)
            return nullptr;
        nImageNum = atoi(pszNext + 1);
        if (nImageNum <= 0)
            return nullptr;
        pszFilename = strchr(pszNext + 1, ':');
        if (pszFilename == nullptr)
            return nullptr;
        pszFilename ++;
    }
    else
        iPage = 1;

    std::bitset<PDFLIB_COUNT> bHasLib;
    bHasLib.reset();
    // Each library set their flag
#if defined(HAVE_POPPLER)
    bHasLib.set(PDFLIB_POPPLER);
#endif  // HAVE_POPPLER
#if defined(HAVE_PODOFO)
    bHasLib.set(PDFLIB_PODOFO);
#endif  // HAVE_PODOFO
#if defined(HAVE_PDFIUM)
    bHasLib.set(PDFLIB_PDFIUM);
#endif  // HAVE_PDFIUM

    std::bitset<PDFLIB_COUNT> bUseLib;

    // More than one library available
    // Detect which one
    if(bHasLib.count() != 1) {
        const char* pszDefaultLib =
                bHasLib.test(PDFLIB_PDFIUM) ? "PDFIUM" :
                bHasLib.test(PDFLIB_POPPLER) ? "POPPLER" : "PODOFO";
        const char* pszPDFLib = GetOption(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "PDF_LIB", pszDefaultLib );
        while( true )
        {
            if (EQUAL(pszPDFLib, "POPPLER"))
                bUseLib.set(PDFLIB_POPPLER);
            else if (EQUAL(pszPDFLib, "PODOFO"))
                bUseLib.set(PDFLIB_PODOFO);
            else if (EQUAL(pszPDFLib, "PDFIUM"))
                bUseLib.set(PDFLIB_PDFIUM);

            if(bUseLib.count() != 1 || (bHasLib & bUseLib) == 0)
            {
                CPLDebug("PDF", "Invalid value for GDAL_PDF_LIB config option: %s. Fallback to %s",
                        pszPDFLib, pszDefaultLib);
                pszPDFLib = pszDefaultLib;
                bUseLib.reset();
            }
            else
                break;
        }
    }
    else
        bUseLib = bHasLib;

    GDALPDFObject* poPageObj = nullptr;
#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER
    PDFDoc* poDocPoppler = nullptr;
#if !(POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 58)
    ObjectAutoFree oObj;
#endif
    Page* poPagePoppler = nullptr;
    Catalog* poCatalogPoppler = nullptr;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PODOFO
    PoDoFo::PdfMemDocument* poDocPodofo = nullptr;
    PoDoFo::PdfPage* poPagePodofo = nullptr;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
    TPdfiumDocumentStruct* poDocPdfium = nullptr;
    TPdfiumPageStruct* poPagePdfium = nullptr;
#endif
    int nPages = 0;

    struct FilePointerKeeper
    {
        VSILFILE* m_fp;

        FilePointerKeeper(VSILFILE* fp = nullptr): m_fp(fp) {}
        ~FilePointerKeeper() { if( m_fp ) VSIFCloseL(m_fp); }
        void reset(VSILFILE* fp) { if( m_fp ) VSIFCloseL(m_fp); m_fp = fp; }
        VSILFILE* release() { VSILFILE* ret = m_fp; m_fp = nullptr; return ret; }
    };
    FilePointerKeeper fpKeeper;

#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER
  if(bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_POPPLER))
  {
    static bool globalParamsCreatedByGDAL = false;
    {
        CPLMutexHolderD(&hGlobalParamsMutex);
        /* poppler global variable */
        if (globalParams == nullptr)
        {
            globalParamsCreatedByGDAL = true;
#if POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 83
            globalParams.reset(new GlobalParams());
#else
            globalParams = new GlobalParams();
#endif
        }

        globalParams->setPrintCommands(CPLTestBool(
            CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_PDF_PRINT_COMMANDS", "FALSE")));
    }

    const auto registerErrorCallback = []()
    {
        /* Set custom error handler for poppler errors */
#if POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 85
        setErrorCallback(PDFDatasetErrorFunction);
#else
        setErrorCallback(PDFDatasetErrorFunction, nullptr);
#endif
        globalParams->setErrQuiet(false);
    };

    VSILFILE* fp = VSIFOpenL(pszFilename, "rb");
    if (fp == nullptr)
        return nullptr;

#ifdef FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION
    {
        // Workaround for ossfuzz only due to
        // https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=37584
        // https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/poppler/poppler/-/issues/1137
        GByte* pabyRet = nullptr;
        vsi_l_offset nSize = 0;
        if( VSIIngestFile(fp, pszFilename, &pabyRet, &nSize, 10 * 1024 * 1024) )
        {
            // Replace nul byte by something else so that strstr() works
            for( size_t i = 0; i < nSize; i++ )
            {
                if( pabyRet[i] == 0 ) pabyRet[i] = ' ';
            }
            if( strstr(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(pabyRet), "/JBIG2Decode") )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "/JBIG2Decode found. Giving up due to potential "
                         "very long processing time.");
                CPLFree(pabyRet);
                VSIFCloseL(fp);
                return nullptr;
            }
        }
        CPLFree(pabyRet);
    }
#endif

    fp = (VSILFILE*)VSICreateBufferedReaderHandle((VSIVirtualHandle*)fp);
    fpKeeper.reset(fp);
    while( true )
    {
        VSIFSeekL(fp, 0, SEEK_SET);
        g_nPopplerErrors = 0;
        if( globalParamsCreatedByGDAL )
            registerErrorCallback();
#if POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 58
        Object oObj;
        auto poStream = new VSIPDFFileStream(fp, pszFilename, std::move(oObj));
#else
        oObj.getObj()->initNull();
        auto poStream = new VSIPDFFileStream(fp, pszFilename, oObj.getObj());
#endif
#if POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION > 22 || (POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION == 22 && POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION > 2)
        std::optional<GooString> osUserPwd;
        if (pszUserPwd)
            osUserPwd = std::optional<GooString>(pszUserPwd);
        poDocPoppler = new PDFDoc(poStream, std::optional<GooString>(), osUserPwd);
#else
        GooString* poUserPwd = nullptr;
        if (pszUserPwd)
            poUserPwd = new GooString(pszUserPwd);
        poDocPoppler = new PDFDoc(poStream, nullptr, poUserPwd);
        delete poUserPwd;
#endif
        if( globalParamsCreatedByGDAL )
            registerErrorCallback();
        if( g_nPopplerErrors >= MAX_POPPLER_ERRORS )
        {
            PDFFreeDoc(poDocPoppler);
            return nullptr;
        }

        if ( !poDocPoppler->isOk() || poDocPoppler->getNumPages() == 0 )
        {
            if (poDocPoppler->getErrorCode() == errEncrypted)
            {
                if (pszUserPwd && EQUAL(pszUserPwd, "ASK_INTERACTIVE"))
                {
                    pszUserPwd = PDFEnterPasswordFromConsoleIfNeeded(pszUserPwd);
                    PDFFreeDoc(poDocPoppler);

                    /* Reset errors that could have been issued during opening and that */
                    /* did not result in an invalid document */
                    CPLErrorReset();

                    continue;
                }
                else if (pszUserPwd == nullptr)
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                             "A password is needed. You can specify it through the PDF_USER_PWD "
                             "configuration option / USER_PWD open option (that can be set to ASK_INTERACTIVE)");
                }
                else
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid password");
                }
            }
            else
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDF");
            }

            PDFFreeDoc(poDocPoppler);
            return nullptr;
        }
        else if( poDocPoppler->isLinearized() &&
                 !poStream->FoundLinearizedHint() )
        {
            // This is a likely defect of poppler Linearization.cc file that
            // recognizes a file as linearized if the /Linearized hint is missing,
            // but the content of this dictionary are present.
            // But given the hacks of PDFFreeDoc() and VSIPDFFileStream::FillBuffer()
            // opening such a file will result in a null-ptr deref at closing if
            // we try to access a page and build the page cache, so just exit now
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDF");

            PDFFreeDoc(poDocPoppler);
            return nullptr;
        }
        else
        {
            break;
        }
    }

    poCatalogPoppler = poDocPoppler->getCatalog();
    if ( poCatalogPoppler == nullptr || !poCatalogPoppler->isOk() )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDF : invalid catalog");
        PDFFreeDoc(poDocPoppler);
        return nullptr;
    }

    nPages = poDocPoppler->getNumPages();

    if( iPage == 1 && nPages > 10000 &&
        CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_PDF_LIMIT_PAGE_COUNT", "YES")) )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "This PDF document reports %d pages. "
                 "Limiting count to 10000 for performance reasons. "
                 "You may remove this limit by setting the GDAL_PDF_LIMIT_PAGE_COUNT configuration option to NO",
                 nPages);
        nPages = 10000;
    }

    if (iPage < 1 || iPage > nPages)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid page number (%d/%d)",
                 iPage, nPages);
        PDFFreeDoc(poDocPoppler);
        return nullptr;
    }

    /* Sanity check to validate page count */
    if( iPage > 1 && nPages <= 10000 && iPage != nPages )
    {
        poPagePoppler = poCatalogPoppler->getPage(nPages);
        if ( poPagePoppler == nullptr || !poPagePoppler->isOk() )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDF : invalid page count");
            PDFFreeDoc(poDocPoppler);
            return nullptr;
        }
    }

    poPagePoppler = poCatalogPoppler->getPage(iPage);
    if ( poPagePoppler == nullptr || !poPagePoppler->isOk() )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDF : invalid page");
        PDFFreeDoc(poDocPoppler);
        return nullptr;
    }

    /* Here's the dirty part: this is a private member */
    /* so we had to #define private public to get it ! */
    Object& oPageObj = poPagePoppler->pageObj;
    if ( !oPageObj.isDict() )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDF : !oPageObj.isDict()");
        PDFFreeDoc(poDocPoppler);
        return nullptr;
    }

    poPageObj = new GDALPDFObjectPoppler(&oPageObj, FALSE);
    Ref* poPageRef = poCatalogPoppler->getPageRef(iPage);
    if (poPageRef != nullptr)
    {
        ((GDALPDFObjectPoppler*)poPageObj)->SetRefNumAndGen(GDALPDFObjectNum(poPageRef->num), poPageRef->gen);
    }
  }
#endif  // ~ HAVE_POPPLER

#ifdef HAVE_PODOFO
  if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PODOFO) && poPageObj == nullptr)
  {
    PoDoFo::PdfError::EnableDebug( false );
    PoDoFo::PdfError::EnableLogging( false );

    poDocPodofo = new PoDoFo::PdfMemDocument();
    try
    {
        poDocPodofo->Load(pszFilename);
    }
    catch(PoDoFo::PdfError& oError)
    {
        if (oError.GetError() == PoDoFo::ePdfError_InvalidPassword)
        {
            if (pszUserPwd)
            {
                pszUserPwd = PDFEnterPasswordFromConsoleIfNeeded(pszUserPwd);

                try
                {
                    poDocPodofo->SetPassword(pszUserPwd);
                }
                catch(PoDoFo::PdfError& oError2)
                {
                    if (oError2.GetError() == PoDoFo::ePdfError_InvalidPassword)
                    {
                        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid password");
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDF : %s", oError2.what());
                    }
                    delete poDocPodofo;
                    return nullptr;
                }
                catch(...)
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDF");
                    delete poDocPodofo;
                    return nullptr;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                            "A password is needed. You can specify it through the PDF_USER_PWD "
                            "configuration option / USER_PWD open option (that can be set to ASK_INTERACTIVE)");
                delete poDocPodofo;
                return nullptr;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDF : %s", oError.what());
            delete poDocPodofo;
            return nullptr;
        }
    }
    catch(...)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDF");
        delete poDocPodofo;
        return nullptr;
    }

    nPages = poDocPodofo->GetPageCount();
    if (iPage < 1 || iPage > nPages)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid page number (%d/%d)",
                 iPage, nPages);
        delete poDocPodofo;
        return nullptr;
    }

    try
    {
        /* Sanity check to validate page count */
        if( iPage != nPages )
            CPL_IGNORE_RET_VAL( poDocPodofo->GetPage(nPages - 1) );

        poPagePodofo = poDocPodofo->GetPage(iPage - 1);
    }
    catch(PoDoFo::PdfError& oError)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDF : %s", oError.what());
        delete poDocPodofo;
        return nullptr;
    }
    catch(...)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDF");
        delete poDocPodofo;
        return nullptr;
    }

    if ( poPagePodofo == nullptr )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDF : invalid page");
        delete poDocPodofo;
        return nullptr;
    }

    PoDoFo::PdfObject* pObj = poPagePodofo->GetObject();
    poPageObj = new GDALPDFObjectPodofo(pObj, poDocPodofo->GetObjects());
  }
#endif  // ~ HAVE_PODOFO

#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
  if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PDFIUM) && poPageObj == nullptr)
  {
    if(!LoadPdfiumDocumentPage(pszFilename, pszUserPwd, iPage,
      &poDocPdfium, &poPagePdfium, &nPages)) {
        // CPLError is called inside function
        return nullptr;
    }

    CPDF_Object* pageObj = poPagePdfium->page->GetDict();
    if(pageObj == nullptr) {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDF : invalid page object");
        UnloadPdfiumDocumentPage(&poDocPdfium, &poPagePdfium);
        return nullptr;
    }
    poPageObj = GDALPDFObjectPdfium::Build(pageObj);
    if( poPageObj == nullptr )
        return nullptr;
  }
#endif  // ~ HAVE_PDFIUM

    GDALPDFDictionary* poPageDict = poPageObj->GetDictionary();
    if ( poPageDict == nullptr )
    {
        delete poPageObj;

        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid PDF : poPageDict == nullptr");
#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER
        if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_POPPLER))
            PDFFreeDoc(poDocPoppler);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PODOFO
        if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PODOFO)) {
            delete poDocPodofo;
        }
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
        if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PDFIUM)) {
            UnloadPdfiumDocumentPage(&poDocPdfium, &poPagePdfium);
        }
#endif
        return nullptr;
    }

    const char* pszDumpObject = CPLGetConfigOption("PDF_DUMP_OBJECT", nullptr);
    if (pszDumpObject != nullptr)
    {
        GDALPDFDumper oDumper(pszFilename, pszDumpObject);
        oDumper.Dump(poPageObj);
    }

    PDFDataset* poDS = new PDFDataset();
    poDS->m_fp = fpKeeper.release();
    poDS->papszOpenOptions = CSLDuplicate(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions);
    poDS->bUseLib = bUseLib;
    poDS->osFilename = pszFilename;
    poDS->eAccess = poOpenInfo->eAccess;

    if ( nPages > 1 && !bOpenSubdataset )
    {
        int i;
        CPLStringList aosList;
        for(i=0;i<nPages;i++)
        {
            char szKey[32];
            snprintf( szKey, sizeof(szKey), "SUBDATASET_%d_NAME", i+1 );
            aosList.AddNameValue(szKey, CPLSPrintf("PDF:%d:%s", i+1, poOpenInfo->pszFilename));
            snprintf( szKey, sizeof(szKey), "SUBDATASET_%d_DESC", i+1 );
            aosList.AddNameValue(szKey, CPLSPrintf("Page %d of %s", i+1, poOpenInfo->pszFilename));
        }
        poDS->SetMetadata( aosList.List(), "SUBDATASETS" );
    }

#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER
    poDS->poDocPoppler = poDocPoppler;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PODOFO
    poDS->poDocPodofo = poDocPodofo;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
    poDS->poDocPdfium = poDocPdfium;
    poDS->poPagePdfium = poPagePdfium;
#endif
    poDS->poPageObj = poPageObj;
    poDS->osUserPwd = pszUserPwd ? pszUserPwd : "";
    poDS->iPage = iPage;

    const char* pszDumpCatalog = CPLGetConfigOption("PDF_DUMP_CATALOG", nullptr);
    if (pszDumpCatalog != nullptr)
    {
        GDALPDFDumper oDumper(pszFilename, pszDumpCatalog);
        oDumper.Dump(poDS->GetCatalog());
    }

    int nBandsGuessed = 0;
    if (nImageNum < 0)
    {
        poDS->GuessDPI(poPageDict, &nBandsGuessed);
        if( nBandsGuessed < 4 )
            nBandsGuessed = 0;
    }
    else
    {
        const char* pszDPI = GetOption(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "DPI", nullptr);
        if (pszDPI != nullptr)
        {
            // coverity[tainted_data]
            poDS->dfDPI = CPLAtof(pszDPI);
        }
    }

    double dfX1 = 0.0;
    double dfY1 = 0.0;
    double dfX2 = 0.0;
    double dfY2 = 0.0;

#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER
    if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_POPPLER))
    {
        const auto* psMediaBox = poPagePoppler->getMediaBox();
        dfX1 = psMediaBox->x1;
        dfY1 = psMediaBox->y1;
        dfX2 = psMediaBox->x2;
        dfY2 = psMediaBox->y2;
    }
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PODOFO
    if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PODOFO))
    {
        CPLAssert(poPagePodofo);
        PoDoFo::PdfRect oMediaBox = poPagePodofo->GetMediaBox();
        dfX1 = oMediaBox.GetLeft();
        dfY1 = oMediaBox.GetBottom();
        dfX2 = dfX1 + oMediaBox.GetWidth();
        dfY2 = dfY1 + oMediaBox.GetHeight();
    }
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
    if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PDFIUM)) {
        CFX_FloatRect rect = poPagePdfium->page->GetBBox();
        dfX1 = rect.left;
        dfX2 = rect.right;
        dfY1 = rect.bottom;
        dfY2 = rect.top;
    }
#endif  // ~ HAVE_PDFIUM

    double dfUserUnit = poDS->dfDPI * USER_UNIT_IN_INCH;
    poDS->dfPageWidth = dfX2 - dfX1;
    poDS->dfPageHeight = dfY2 - dfY1;
    //CPLDebug("PDF", "left=%f right=%f bottom=%f top=%f", dfX1, dfX2, dfY1, dfY2);
    poDS->nRasterXSize = (int) floor((dfX2 - dfX1) * dfUserUnit+0.5);
    poDS->nRasterYSize = (int) floor((dfY2 - dfY1) * dfUserUnit+0.5);

    if( !GDALCheckDatasetDimensions(poDS->nRasterXSize, poDS->nRasterYSize) )
    {
        delete poDS;
        return nullptr;
    }

    double dfRotation = 0;
#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER
    if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_POPPLER))
        dfRotation = poDocPoppler->getPageRotate(iPage);
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PODOFO
    if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PODOFO))
    {
        CPLAssert(poPagePodofo);
        dfRotation = poPagePodofo->GetRotation();
    }
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
    if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PDFIUM))
    {
        dfRotation = poPagePdfium->page->GetPageRotation() * 90;
    }
#endif

    if ( dfRotation == 90 ||
         dfRotation == -90 ||
         dfRotation == 270 )
    {
/* FIXME: the podofo case should be implemented. This needs to rotate */
/* the output of pdftoppm */
#if defined(HAVE_POPPLER) || defined(HAVE_PDFIUM)
      if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_POPPLER) || bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PDFIUM))
      {
        int nTmp = poDS->nRasterXSize;
        poDS->nRasterXSize = poDS->nRasterYSize;
        poDS->nRasterYSize = nTmp;
      }
#endif
    }

    /* Check if the PDF is only made of regularly tiled images */
    /* (like some USGS GeoPDF production) */
    if( dfRotation == 0.0 && !poDS->asTiles.empty() &&
        EQUAL(GetOption(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "LAYERS", "ALL"), "ALL") )
    {
        poDS->CheckTiledRaster();
        if (!poDS->aiTiles.empty() )
            poDS->SetMetadataItem( "INTERLEAVE", "PIXEL", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE" );
    }

    GDALPDFObject* poLGIDict = nullptr;
    GDALPDFObject* poVP = nullptr;
    int bIsOGCBP = FALSE;
    if ( (poLGIDict = poPageDict->Get("LGIDict")) != nullptr && nImageNum < 0 )
    {
        /* Cf 08-139r3_GeoPDF_Encoding_Best_Practice_Version_2.2.pdf */
        CPLDebug("PDF", "OGC Encoding Best Practice style detected");
        if (poDS->ParseLGIDictObject(poLGIDict))
        {
            if (poDS->bHasCTM )
            {
                if ( dfRotation == 90 )
                {
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[0] = poDS->adfCTM[4];
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[1] = poDS->adfCTM[2] / dfUserUnit;
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[2] = poDS->adfCTM[0] / dfUserUnit;
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[3] = poDS->adfCTM[5];
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[4] = poDS->adfCTM[3] / dfUserUnit;
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[5] = poDS->adfCTM[1] / dfUserUnit;
                }
                else if ( dfRotation == -90 || dfRotation == 270 )
                {
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[0] = poDS->adfCTM[4] + poDS->adfCTM[2] * poDS->dfPageHeight + poDS->adfCTM[0] * poDS->dfPageWidth;
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[1] = -poDS->adfCTM[2] / dfUserUnit;
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[2] = -poDS->adfCTM[0] / dfUserUnit;
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[3] = poDS->adfCTM[5] + poDS->adfCTM[3] * poDS->dfPageHeight + poDS->adfCTM[1] * poDS->dfPageWidth;
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[4] = -poDS->adfCTM[3] / dfUserUnit;
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[5] = -poDS->adfCTM[1] / dfUserUnit;
                }
                else
                {
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[0] = poDS->adfCTM[4] + poDS->adfCTM[2] * dfY2 + poDS->adfCTM[0] * dfX1;
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[1] = poDS->adfCTM[0] / dfUserUnit;
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[2] = - poDS->adfCTM[2] / dfUserUnit;
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[3] = poDS->adfCTM[5] + poDS->adfCTM[3] * dfY2 + poDS->adfCTM[1] * dfX1;
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[4] = poDS->adfCTM[1] / dfUserUnit;
                    poDS->adfGeoTransform[5] = - poDS->adfCTM[3] / dfUserUnit;
                }

                poDS->bGeoTransformValid = TRUE;
            }

            bIsOGCBP = TRUE;

            int i;
            for(i=0;i<poDS->nGCPCount;i++)
            {
                if ( dfRotation == 90 )
                {
                    double dfPixel = poDS->pasGCPList[i].dfGCPPixel * dfUserUnit;
                    double dfLine = poDS->pasGCPList[i].dfGCPLine * dfUserUnit;
                    poDS->pasGCPList[i].dfGCPPixel = dfLine;
                    poDS->pasGCPList[i].dfGCPLine = dfPixel;
                }
                else if ( dfRotation == -90 || dfRotation == 270 )
                {
                    double dfPixel = poDS->pasGCPList[i].dfGCPPixel * dfUserUnit;
                    double dfLine = poDS->pasGCPList[i].dfGCPLine * dfUserUnit;
                    poDS->pasGCPList[i].dfGCPPixel = poDS->nRasterXSize - dfLine;
                    poDS->pasGCPList[i].dfGCPLine = poDS->nRasterYSize - dfPixel;
                }
                else
                {
                    poDS->pasGCPList[i].dfGCPPixel = (-dfX1 + poDS->pasGCPList[i].dfGCPPixel) * dfUserUnit;
                    poDS->pasGCPList[i].dfGCPLine = (dfY2 - poDS->pasGCPList[i].dfGCPLine) * dfUserUnit;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    else if ( (poVP = poPageDict->Get("VP")) != nullptr && nImageNum < 0 )
    {
        /* Cf adobe_supplement_iso32000.pdf */
        CPLDebug("PDF", "Adobe ISO32000 style Geospatial PDF perhaps ?");
        if (dfX1 != 0 || dfY1 != 0)
        {
            CPLDebug("PDF", "non null dfX1 or dfY1 values. untested case...");
        }
        poDS->ParseVP(poVP, dfX2 - dfX1, dfY2 - dfY1);
    }
    else
    {
        GDALPDFObject* poXObject = poPageDict->LookupObject("Resources.XObject");

        if (poXObject != nullptr &&
            poXObject->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
        {
            GDALPDFDictionary* poXObjectDict = poXObject->GetDictionary();
            std::map<CPLString, GDALPDFObject*>& oMap = poXObjectDict->GetValues();
            std::map<CPLString, GDALPDFObject*>::iterator oMapIter = oMap.begin();
            int nSubDataset = 0;
            while(oMapIter != oMap.end())
            {
                GDALPDFObject* poObj = oMapIter->second;
                if (poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
                {
                    GDALPDFDictionary* poDict = poObj->GetDictionary();
                    GDALPDFObject* poSubtype = nullptr;
                    GDALPDFObject* poMeasure = nullptr;
                    GDALPDFObject* poWidth = nullptr;
                    GDALPDFObject* poHeight = nullptr;
                    int nW = 0;
                    int nH = 0;
                    if ((poSubtype = poDict->Get("Subtype")) != nullptr &&
                        poSubtype->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Name &&
                        poSubtype->GetName() == "Image" &&
                        (poMeasure = poDict->Get("Measure")) != nullptr &&
                        poMeasure->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary &&
                        (poWidth = poDict->Get("Width")) != nullptr &&
                        poWidth->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Int &&
                        (nW = poWidth->GetInt()) > 0 &&
                        (poHeight = poDict->Get("Height")) != nullptr &&
                        poHeight->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Int &&
                        (nH = poHeight->GetInt()) > 0 )
                    {
                        if (nImageNum < 0)
                            CPLDebug("PDF", "Measure found on Image object (%d)",
                                     poObj->GetRefNum().toInt());

                        GDALPDFObject* poColorSpace = poDict->Get("ColorSpace");
                        GDALPDFObject* poBitsPerComponent = poDict->Get("BitsPerComponent");
                        if (poObj->GetRefNum().toBool() &&
                            poObj->GetRefGen() == 0 &&
                            poColorSpace != nullptr &&
                            poColorSpace->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Name &&
                            (poColorSpace->GetName() == "DeviceGray" ||
                             poColorSpace->GetName() == "DeviceRGB") &&
                            (poBitsPerComponent == nullptr ||
                             (poBitsPerComponent->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Int &&
                              poBitsPerComponent->GetInt() == 8)))
                        {
                            if (nImageNum < 0)
                            {
                                nSubDataset ++;
                                poDS->SetMetadataItem(CPLSPrintf("SUBDATASET_%d_NAME",
                                                                 nSubDataset),
                                                      CPLSPrintf("PDF_IMAGE:%d:%d:%s",
                                                                 iPage, poObj->GetRefNum().toInt(), pszFilename),
                                                      "SUBDATASETS");
                                poDS->SetMetadataItem(CPLSPrintf("SUBDATASET_%d_DESC",
                                                                 nSubDataset),
                                                      CPLSPrintf("Georeferenced image of size %dx%d of page %d of %s",
                                                                 nW, nH, iPage, pszFilename),
                                                      "SUBDATASETS");
                            }
                            else if (poObj->GetRefNum().toInt() == nImageNum)
                            {
                                poDS->nRasterXSize = nW;
                                poDS->nRasterYSize = nH;
                                poDS->ParseMeasure(poMeasure, nW, nH, 0, nH, nW, 0);
                                poDS->poImageObj = poObj;
                                if (poColorSpace->GetName() == "DeviceGray")
                                    nBandsGuessed = 1;
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                ++ oMapIter;
            }
        }

        if (nImageNum >= 0 && poDS->poImageObj == nullptr)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Cannot find image %d", nImageNum);
            delete poDS;
            return nullptr;
        }

        /* Not a geospatial PDF doc */
    }

    /* If pixel size or top left coordinates are very close to an int, round them to the int */
    double dfEps = ( fabs(poDS->adfGeoTransform[0]) > 1e5 &&
                     fabs(poDS->adfGeoTransform[3]) > 1e5 ) ? 1e-5 : 1e-8;
    poDS->adfGeoTransform[0] = ROUND_TO_INT_IF_CLOSE(poDS->adfGeoTransform[0], dfEps);
    poDS->adfGeoTransform[1] = ROUND_TO_INT_IF_CLOSE(poDS->adfGeoTransform[1]);
    poDS->adfGeoTransform[3] = ROUND_TO_INT_IF_CLOSE(poDS->adfGeoTransform[3], dfEps);
    poDS->adfGeoTransform[5] = ROUND_TO_INT_IF_CLOSE(poDS->adfGeoTransform[5]);

    if( bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PDFIUM) )
    {
        // Attempt to "fix" the loss of precision due to the use of float32 for numbers by pdfium
        if( (fabs(poDS->adfGeoTransform[0]) > 1e5 || fabs(poDS->adfGeoTransform[3]) > 1e5) &&
            fabs(poDS->adfGeoTransform[0] - (int)floor(poDS->adfGeoTransform[0]+0.5)) < 1e-6 * fabs(poDS->adfGeoTransform[0]) &&
            fabs(poDS->adfGeoTransform[1] - (int)floor(poDS->adfGeoTransform[1]+0.5)) < 1e-3 * fabs(poDS->adfGeoTransform[1]) &&
            fabs(poDS->adfGeoTransform[3] - (int)floor(poDS->adfGeoTransform[3]+0.5)) < 1e-6 * fabs(poDS->adfGeoTransform[3]) &&
            fabs(poDS->adfGeoTransform[5] - (int)floor(poDS->adfGeoTransform[5]+0.5)) < 1e-3 * fabs(poDS->adfGeoTransform[5]) )
        {
            for(int i=0;i<6;i++)
            {
                poDS->adfGeoTransform[i] = (int)floor(poDS->adfGeoTransform[i]+0.5);
            }
        }
    }

    if (poDS->poNeatLine)
    {
        char* pszNeatLineWkt = nullptr;
        OGRLinearRing* poRing = poDS->poNeatLine->getExteriorRing();
        /* Adobe style is already in target SRS units */
        if (bIsOGCBP)
        {
            int nPoints = poRing->getNumPoints();
            int i;

            for(i=0;i<nPoints;i++)
            {
                double x, y;
                if( dfRotation == 90.0 )
                {
                    x = poRing->getY(i) * dfUserUnit;
                    y = poRing->getX(i) * dfUserUnit;
                }
                else if( dfRotation == -90.0 || dfRotation == 270.0 )
                {
                    x = poDS->nRasterXSize - poRing->getY(i) * dfUserUnit;
                    y = poDS->nRasterYSize - poRing->getX(i) * dfUserUnit;
                }
                else
                {
                    x = (-dfX1 + poRing->getX(i)) * dfUserUnit;
                    y = (dfY2 - poRing->getY(i)) * dfUserUnit;
                }
                double X = poDS->adfGeoTransform[0] + x * poDS->adfGeoTransform[1] +
                                                      y * poDS->adfGeoTransform[2];
                double Y = poDS->adfGeoTransform[3] + x * poDS->adfGeoTransform[4] +
                                                      y * poDS->adfGeoTransform[5];
                poRing->setPoint(i, X, Y);
            }
        }
        poRing->closeRings();

        poDS->poNeatLine->exportToWkt(&pszNeatLineWkt);
        if (nImageNum < 0)
            poDS->SetMetadataItem("NEATLINE", pszNeatLineWkt);
        CPLFree(pszNeatLineWkt);
    }

#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER
  if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_POPPLER))
  {
    auto poMetadata = poCatalogPoppler->readMetadata();
    if (poMetadata)
    {
#if (POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 72)
        const char* pszContent = poMetadata->c_str();
#else
        const char* pszContent = poMetadata->getCString();
#endif
        if (pszContent != nullptr &&
            STARTS_WITH(pszContent, "<?xpacket begin="))
        {
            const char * const apszMDList[2] = { pszContent, nullptr };
            poDS->SetMetadata(const_cast<char**>(apszMDList), "xml:XMP");
        }
#if (POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION < 21 || (POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION == 21 && POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION < 10))
        delete poMetadata;
#endif
    }

    /* Read Info object */
    /* The test is necessary since with some corrupted PDFs poDocPoppler->getDocInfo() */
    /* might abort() */
    if( poDocPoppler->getXRef()->isOk() )
    {
        Object oInfo;
#if POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 58
        oInfo = poDocPoppler->getDocInfo();
#else
        poDocPoppler->getDocInfo(&oInfo);
#endif
        GDALPDFObjectPoppler oInfoObjPoppler(&oInfo, FALSE);
        poDS->ParseInfo(&oInfoObjPoppler);
#if !(POPPLER_MAJOR_VERSION >= 1 || POPPLER_MINOR_VERSION >= 58)
        oInfo.free();
#endif
    }

    /* Find layers */
    poDS->FindLayersPoppler();

    /* Turn user specified layers on or off */
    poDS->TurnLayersOnOffPoppler();
  }
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PODOFO
  if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PODOFO))
  {
    PoDoFo::TIVecObjects it = poDocPodofo->GetObjects().begin();
    for( ; it != poDocPodofo->GetObjects().end(); ++it )
    {
        GDALPDFObjectPodofo oObjPodofo((*it), poDocPodofo->GetObjects());
        poDS->FindXMP(&oObjPodofo);
    }

    /* Find layers */
    poDS->FindLayersGeneric(poPageDict);

    /* Read Info object */
    PoDoFo::PdfInfo* poInfo = poDocPodofo->GetInfo();
    if (poInfo != nullptr)
    {
        GDALPDFObjectPodofo oInfoObjPodofo(poInfo->GetObject(), poDocPodofo->GetObjects());
        poDS->ParseInfo(&oInfoObjPodofo);
    }
  }
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
    if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PDFIUM))
    {
        GDALPDFObjectPdfium* poRoot = GDALPDFObjectPdfium::Build(poDocPdfium->doc->GetRoot());
        if(poRoot->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary) {
          GDALPDFDictionary* poDict = poRoot->GetDictionary();
          GDALPDFObject* poMetadata(poDict->Get("Metadata"));
          if(poMetadata != nullptr) {
            GDALPDFStream* poStream = poMetadata->GetStream();
            if (poStream != nullptr) {
              char* pszContent = poStream->GetBytes();
              int nLength = (int)poStream->GetLength();
              if (pszContent != nullptr && nLength > 15 &&
                  STARTS_WITH(pszContent, "<?xpacket begin="))
              {
                  char *apszMDList[2];
                  apszMDList[0] = pszContent;
                  apszMDList[1] = nullptr;
                  poDS->SetMetadata(apszMDList, "xml:XMP");
              }
              CPLFree(pszContent);
            }
          }
        }
        delete poRoot;

        /* Find layers */
        poDS->FindLayersPdfium();

        /* Turn user specified layers on or off */
        poDS->TurnLayersOnOffPdfium();

        GDALPDFObjectPdfium* poInfo = GDALPDFObjectPdfium::Build(poDocPdfium->doc->GetInfo());
        if( poInfo )
        {
            /* Read Info object */
            poDS->ParseInfo(poInfo);
            delete poInfo;
        }
    }
#endif  // ~ HAVE_PDFIUM

    int nBands = 3;
#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
    // Use Alpha channel for PDFIUM as default format RGBA
    if(bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PDFIUM))
        nBands = 4;
#endif
    if( nBandsGuessed )
        nBands = nBandsGuessed;
    const char* pszPDFBands = GetOption(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions, "BANDS", nullptr);
    if( pszPDFBands )
    {
        nBands = atoi(pszPDFBands);
        if (nBands != 3 && nBands != 4)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                    "Invalid value for GDAL_PDF_BANDS. Using 3 as a fallback");
            nBands = 3;
        }
    }
#ifdef HAVE_PODOFO
    if (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PODOFO) && nBands == 4 && poDS->aiTiles.empty())
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "GDAL_PDF_BANDS=4 not supported when PDF driver is compiled against Podofo. "
                 "Using 3 as a fallback");
        nBands = 3;
    }
#endif

    int iBand;
    for(iBand = 1; iBand <= nBands; iBand ++)
    {
        if (poDS->poImageObj != nullptr)
            poDS->SetBand(iBand, new PDFImageRasterBand(poDS, iBand));
        else
            poDS->SetBand(iBand, new PDFRasterBand(poDS, iBand, 0));
    }

    /* Check if this is a raster-only PDF file and that we are */
    /* opened in vector-only mode */
    if( (poOpenInfo->nOpenFlags & GDAL_OF_RASTER) == 0 &&
        (poOpenInfo->nOpenFlags & GDAL_OF_VECTOR) != 0 &&
        !poDS->OpenVectorLayers(poPageDict) )
    {
        CPLDebug("PDF", "This is a raster-only PDF dataset, "
                    "but it has been opened in vector-only mode");
        /* Clear dirty flag */
        poDS->bProjDirty = FALSE;
        poDS->bNeatLineDirty = FALSE;
        poDS->bInfoDirty = FALSE;
        poDS->bXMPDirty = FALSE;
        delete poDS;
        return nullptr;
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Initialize any PAM information.                                 */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    poDS->SetDescription( poOpenInfo->pszFilename );
    poDS->TryLoadXML();

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Support overviews.                                              */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    poDS->oOvManager.Initialize( poDS, poOpenInfo->pszFilename );

#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
    poDS->InitOverviews();
#endif

    /* Clear dirty flag */
    poDS->bProjDirty = FALSE;
    poDS->bNeatLineDirty = FALSE;
    poDS->bInfoDirty = FALSE;
    poDS->bXMPDirty = FALSE;

    return( poDS );
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       ParseLGIDictObject()                           */
/************************************************************************/

int PDFDataset::ParseLGIDictObject(GDALPDFObject* poLGIDict)
{
    bool bOK = false;
    if (poLGIDict->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Array)
    {
        GDALPDFArray* poArray = poLGIDict->GetArray();
        int nArrayLength = poArray->GetLength();
        int iMax = -1;
        GDALPDFObject* poArrayElt = nullptr;
        for( int i = 0; i<nArrayLength; i++ )
        {
            if ( (poArrayElt = poArray->Get(i)) == nullptr ||
                 poArrayElt->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Dictionary )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "LGIDict[%d] is not a dictionary", i);
                return FALSE;
            }

            int bIsBestCandidate = FALSE;
            if (ParseLGIDictDictFirstPass(poArrayElt->GetDictionary(), &bIsBestCandidate))
            {
                if (bIsBestCandidate || iMax < 0)
                    iMax = i;
            }
        }

        if (iMax < 0)
            return FALSE;

        poArrayElt = poArray->Get(iMax);
        bOK = CPL_TO_BOOL(
            ParseLGIDictDictSecondPass(poArrayElt->GetDictionary()));
    }
    else if (poLGIDict->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
    {
        bOK = ParseLGIDictDictFirstPass(poLGIDict->GetDictionary()) &&
              ParseLGIDictDictSecondPass(poLGIDict->GetDictionary());
    }
    else
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "LGIDict is of type %s", poLGIDict->GetTypeName());
    }

    return bOK;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            Get()                                     */
/************************************************************************/

static double Get(GDALPDFObject* poObj, int nIndice)
{
    if (poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Array && nIndice >= 0)
    {
        poObj = poObj->GetArray()->Get(nIndice);
        if (poObj == nullptr)
            return 0;
        return Get(poObj);
    }
    else if (poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Int)
        return poObj->GetInt();
    else if (poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Real)
        return poObj->GetReal();
    else if (poObj->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String)
    {
        const char* pszStr = poObj->GetString().c_str();
        size_t nLen = strlen(pszStr);
        if( nLen == 0 )
            return 0;
        /* cf Military_Installations_2008.pdf that has values like "96 0 0.0W" */
        char chLast = pszStr[nLen-1];
        if (chLast == 'W' || chLast == 'E' || chLast == 'N' || chLast == 'S')
        {
            double dfDeg = CPLAtof(pszStr);
            double dfMin = 0.0;
            double dfSec = 0.0;
            const char* pszNext = strchr(pszStr, ' ');
            if (pszNext)
                pszNext ++;
            if (pszNext)
                dfMin = CPLAtof(pszNext);
            if (pszNext)
                pszNext = strchr(pszNext, ' ');
            if (pszNext)
                pszNext ++;
            if (pszNext)
                dfSec = CPLAtof(pszNext);
            double dfVal = dfDeg + dfMin / 60 + dfSec / 3600;
            if (chLast == 'W' || chLast == 'S')
                return -dfVal;
            else
                return dfVal;
        }
        return CPLAtof(pszStr);
    }
    else
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined, "Unexpected type : %s",
                 poObj->GetTypeName());
        return 0;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            Get()                                */
/************************************************************************/

static double Get(GDALPDFDictionary* poDict, const char* pszName)
{
    GDALPDFObject* poObj = poDict->Get(pszName);
    if( poObj != nullptr )
        return Get(poObj);
    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
             "Cannot find parameter %s", pszName);
    return 0;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                   ParseLGIDictDictFirstPass()                        */
/************************************************************************/

int PDFDataset::ParseLGIDictDictFirstPass(GDALPDFDictionary* poLGIDict,
                                          int* pbIsBestCandidate)
{
    if (pbIsBestCandidate)
        *pbIsBestCandidate = FALSE;

    if (poLGIDict == nullptr)
        return FALSE;

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract Type attribute                                          */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poType = poLGIDict->Get("Type");
    if( poType == nullptr )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Cannot find Type of LGIDict object");
        return FALSE;
    }

    if ( poType->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Name )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Invalid type for Type of LGIDict object");
        return FALSE;
    }

    if ( strcmp(poType->GetName().c_str(), "LGIDict") != 0 )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Invalid value for Type of LGIDict object : %s",
                 poType->GetName().c_str());
        return FALSE;
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract Version attribute                                       */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poVersion = poLGIDict->Get("Version");
    if( poVersion == nullptr )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Cannot find Version of LGIDict object");
        return FALSE;
    }

    if ( poVersion->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String )
    {
        /* OGC best practice is 2.1 */
        CPLDebug("PDF", "LGIDict Version : %s",
                 poVersion->GetString().c_str());
    }
    else if (poVersion->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Int)
    {
        /* Old TerraGo is 2 */
        CPLDebug("PDF", "LGIDict Version : %d",
                 poVersion->GetInt());
    }

    /* USGS PDF maps have several LGIDict. Keep the one whose description */
    /* is "Map Layers" by default */
    const char* pszNeatlineToSelect =
        GetOption(papszOpenOptions, "NEATLINE", "Map Layers");

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract Neatline attribute                                      */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poNeatline = poLGIDict->Get("Neatline");
    if( poNeatline != nullptr &&
        poNeatline->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Array )
    {
        int nLength = poNeatline->GetArray()->GetLength();
        if ( (nLength % 2) != 0 || nLength < 4 )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Invalid length for Neatline");
            return FALSE;
        }

        GDALPDFObject* poDescription = poLGIDict->Get("Description");
        bool bIsAskedNeatline = false;
        if( poDescription != nullptr &&
            poDescription->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String )
        {
            CPLDebug("PDF", "Description = %s", poDescription->GetString().c_str());

            if( EQUAL(poDescription->GetString().c_str(), pszNeatlineToSelect) )
            {
                dfMaxArea = 1e300;
                bIsAskedNeatline = true;
            }
        }

        if( !bIsAskedNeatline )
        {
            double dfMinX = 0.0;
            double dfMinY = 0.0;
            double dfMaxX = 0.0;
            double dfMaxY = 0.0;
            for( int i = 0; i < nLength; i += 2 )
            {
                double dfX = Get(poNeatline, i);
                double dfY = Get(poNeatline, i + 1);
                if (i == 0 || dfX < dfMinX) dfMinX = dfX;
                if (i == 0 || dfY < dfMinY) dfMinY = dfY;
                if (i == 0 || dfX > dfMaxX) dfMaxX = dfX;
                if (i == 0 || dfY > dfMaxY) dfMaxY = dfY;
            }
            double dfArea = (dfMaxX - dfMinX) * (dfMaxY - dfMinY);
            if (dfArea < dfMaxArea)
            {
                CPLDebug("PDF", "Not the largest neatline. Skipping it");
                return TRUE;
            }

            CPLDebug("PDF", "This is the largest neatline for now");
            dfMaxArea = dfArea;
        }
        else
            CPLDebug("PDF", "The \"%s\" registration will be selected",
                     pszNeatlineToSelect);

        if (pbIsBestCandidate)
            *pbIsBestCandidate = TRUE;

        delete poNeatLine;
        poNeatLine = new OGRPolygon();
        OGRLinearRing* poRing = new OGRLinearRing();
        if (nLength == 4)
        {
            /* 2 points only ? They are the bounding box */
            double dfX1 = Get(poNeatline, 0);
            double dfY1 = Get(poNeatline, 1);
            double dfX2 = Get(poNeatline, 2);
            double dfY2 = Get(poNeatline, 3);
            poRing->addPoint(dfX1, dfY1);
            poRing->addPoint(dfX2, dfY1);
            poRing->addPoint(dfX2, dfY2);
            poRing->addPoint(dfX1, dfY2);
        }
        else
        {
            for( int i = 0; i < nLength; i+=2 )
            {
                double dfX = Get(poNeatline, i);
                double dfY = Get(poNeatline, i + 1);
                poRing->addPoint(dfX, dfY);
            }
        }
        poNeatLine->addRingDirectly(poRing);
    }

    return TRUE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                  ParseLGIDictDictSecondPass()                        */
/************************************************************************/

int PDFDataset::ParseLGIDictDictSecondPass(GDALPDFDictionary* poLGIDict)
{
    int i;

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract Description attribute                                   */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poDescription = poLGIDict->Get("Description");
    if( poDescription != nullptr &&
        poDescription->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String )
    {
        CPLDebug("PDF", "Description = %s", poDescription->GetString().c_str());
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract CTM attribute                                           */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poCTM = poLGIDict->Get("CTM");
    bHasCTM = FALSE;
    if( poCTM != nullptr &&
        poCTM->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Array &&
        CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("PDF_USE_CTM", "YES")) )
    {
        int nLength = poCTM->GetArray()->GetLength();
        if ( nLength != 6 )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Invalid length for CTM");
            return FALSE;
        }

        bHasCTM = TRUE;
        for(i=0;i<nLength;i++)
        {
            adfCTM[i] = Get(poCTM, i);
            /* Nullify rotation terms that are significantly smaller than */
            /* scaling terms. */
            if ((i == 1 || i == 2) && fabs(adfCTM[i]) < fabs(adfCTM[0]) * 1e-10)
                adfCTM[i] = 0;
            CPLDebug("PDF", "CTM[%d] = %.16g", i, adfCTM[i]);
        }
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract Registration attribute                                  */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poRegistration = poLGIDict->Get("Registration");
    if( poRegistration != nullptr &&
        poRegistration->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Array )
    {
        GDALPDFArray* poRegistrationArray = poRegistration->GetArray();
        int nLength = poRegistrationArray->GetLength();
        if( nLength > 4 || (!bHasCTM && nLength >= 2) ||
            CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("PDF_REPORT_GCPS", "NO")) )
        {
            nGCPCount = 0;
            pasGCPList = (GDAL_GCP *) CPLCalloc(sizeof(GDAL_GCP),nLength);

            for(i=0;i<nLength;i++)
            {
                GDALPDFObject* poGCP = poRegistrationArray->Get(i);
                if ( poGCP != nullptr &&
                    poGCP->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Array &&
                    poGCP->GetArray()->GetLength() == 4 )
                {
                    double dfUserX = Get(poGCP, 0);
                    double dfUserY = Get(poGCP, 1);
                    double dfX = Get(poGCP, 2);
                    double dfY = Get(poGCP, 3);
                    CPLDebug("PDF", "GCP[%d].userX = %.16g", i, dfUserX);
                    CPLDebug("PDF", "GCP[%d].userY = %.16g", i, dfUserY);
                    CPLDebug("PDF", "GCP[%d].x = %.16g", i, dfX);
                    CPLDebug("PDF", "GCP[%d].y = %.16g", i, dfY);

                    char    szID[32];
                    snprintf( szID, sizeof(szID), "%d", nGCPCount+1 );
                    pasGCPList[nGCPCount].pszId = CPLStrdup( szID );
                    pasGCPList[nGCPCount].pszInfo = CPLStrdup("");
                    pasGCPList[nGCPCount].dfGCPPixel = dfUserX;
                    pasGCPList[nGCPCount].dfGCPLine = dfUserY;
                    pasGCPList[nGCPCount].dfGCPX = dfX;
                    pasGCPList[nGCPCount].dfGCPY = dfY;
                    nGCPCount ++;
                }
            }

            if( nGCPCount == 0 )
            {
                CPLFree(pasGCPList);
                pasGCPList = nullptr;
            }
        }
    }

    if (!bHasCTM && nGCPCount == 0)
    {
        CPLDebug("PDF", "Neither CTM nor Registration found");
        return FALSE;
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract Projection attribute                                    */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poProjection = poLGIDict->Get("Projection");
    if( poProjection == nullptr ||
        poProjection->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Dictionary )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Could not find Projection");
        return FALSE;
    }

    return ParseProjDict(poProjection->GetDictionary());
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         ParseProjDict()                               */
/************************************************************************/

int PDFDataset::ParseProjDict(GDALPDFDictionary* poProjDict)
{
    if (poProjDict == nullptr)
        return FALSE;
    OGRSpatialReference oSRS;

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract WKT attribute (GDAL extension)                          */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poWKT = poProjDict->Get("WKT");
    if( poWKT != nullptr &&
        poWKT->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String &&
        CPLTestBool( CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_PDF_OGC_BP_READ_WKT", "TRUE") ) )
    {
        CPLDebug("PDF", "Found WKT attribute (GDAL extension). Using it");
        const char* pszWKTRead = poWKT->GetString().c_str();
        CPLFree(pszWKT);
        pszWKT = CPLStrdup(pszWKTRead);
        return TRUE;
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract Type attribute                                          */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poType = poProjDict->Get("Type");
    if( poType == nullptr )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Cannot find Type of Projection object");
        return FALSE;
    }

    if ( poType->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Name )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Invalid type for Type of Projection object");
        return FALSE;
    }

    if ( strcmp(poType->GetName().c_str(), "Projection") != 0 )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Invalid value for Type of Projection object : %s",
                 poType->GetName().c_str());
        return FALSE;
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract Datum attribute                                         */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    int bIsWGS84 = FALSE;
    int bIsNAD83 = FALSE;
    /* int bIsNAD27 = FALSE; */

    GDALPDFObject* poDatum = poProjDict->Get("Datum");
    if( poDatum != nullptr )
    {
        if (poDatum->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String)
        {
            /* Using Annex A of http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=40537 */
            const char* pszDatum = poDatum->GetString().c_str();
            CPLDebug("PDF", "Datum = %s", pszDatum);
            if (EQUAL(pszDatum, "WE") || EQUAL(pszDatum, "WGE"))
            {
                bIsWGS84 = TRUE;
                oSRS.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84");
            }
            else if (EQUAL(pszDatum, "NAR") || STARTS_WITH_CI(pszDatum, "NAR-"))
            {
                bIsNAD83 = TRUE;
                oSRS.SetWellKnownGeogCS("NAD83");
            }
            else if (EQUAL(pszDatum, "NAS") || STARTS_WITH_CI(pszDatum, "NAS-"))
            {
                /* bIsNAD27 = TRUE; */
                oSRS.SetWellKnownGeogCS("NAD27");
            }
            else if (EQUAL(pszDatum, "HEN")) /* HERAT North, Afghanistan */
            {
                oSRS.SetGeogCS( "unknown" /*const char * pszGeogName*/,
                                "unknown" /*const char * pszDatumName */,
                                "International 1924",
                                6378388,297);
                oSRS.SetTOWGS84(-333,-222,114);
            }
            else if (EQUAL(pszDatum, "ING-A")) /* INDIAN 1960, Vietnam 16N */
            {
                oSRS.importFromEPSG(4131);
            }
            else if (EQUAL(pszDatum, "GDS")) /* Geocentric Datum of Australia */
            {
                oSRS.importFromEPSG(4283);
            }
            else if (STARTS_WITH_CI(pszDatum, "OHA-")) /* Old Hawaiian */
            {
                oSRS.importFromEPSG(4135); /* matches OHA-M (Mean) */
                if( !EQUAL(pszDatum, "OHA-M") )
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                             "Using OHA-M (Old Hawaiian Mean) definition for %s. Potential issue with datum shift parameters",
                             pszDatum);
                    OGR_SRSNode *poNode = oSRS.GetRoot();
                    int iChild = poNode->FindChild( "AUTHORITY" );
                    if( iChild != -1 )
                        poNode->DestroyChild( iChild );
                    iChild = poNode->FindChild( "DATUM" );
                    if( iChild != -1 )
                    {
                        poNode = poNode->GetChild(iChild);
                        iChild = poNode->FindChild( "AUTHORITY" );
                        if( iChild != -1 )
                            poNode->DestroyChild( iChild );
                    }
                }
            }
            else
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                        "Unhandled (yet) value for Datum : %s. Defaulting to WGS84...",
                        pszDatum);
                oSRS.SetGeogCS( "unknown" /*const char * pszGeogName*/,
                                "unknown" /*const char * pszDatumName */,
                                "unknown",
                                6378137,298.257223563);
            }
        }
        else if (poDatum->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
        {
            GDALPDFDictionary* poDatumDict = poDatum->GetDictionary();

            GDALPDFObject* poDatumDescription = poDatumDict->Get("Description");
            const char* pszDatumDescription = "unknown";
            if (poDatumDescription != nullptr &&
                poDatumDescription->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String)
                pszDatumDescription  = poDatumDescription->GetString().c_str();
            CPLDebug("PDF", "Datum.Description = %s", pszDatumDescription);

            GDALPDFObject* poEllipsoid = poDatumDict->Get("Ellipsoid");
            if (poEllipsoid == nullptr ||
                !(poEllipsoid->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String ||
                  poEllipsoid->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary))
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "Cannot find Ellipsoid in Datum. Defaulting to WGS84...");
                oSRS.SetGeogCS( "unknown",
                                pszDatumDescription,
                                "unknown",
                                6378137,298.257223563);
            }
            else if (poEllipsoid->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String)
            {
                const char* pszEllipsoid = poEllipsoid->GetString().c_str();
                CPLDebug("PDF", "Datum.Ellipsoid = %s", pszEllipsoid);
                if( EQUAL(pszEllipsoid, "WE") )
                {
                    oSRS.SetGeogCS( "unknown",
                                    pszDatumDescription,
                                    "WGS 84",
                                    6378137,298.257223563);
                }
                else
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                            "Unhandled (yet) value for Ellipsoid : %s. Defaulting to WGS84...",
                            pszEllipsoid);
                    oSRS.SetGeogCS( "unknown",
                                    pszDatumDescription,
                                    pszEllipsoid,
                                    6378137,298.257223563);
                }
            }
            else// if (poEllipsoid->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
            {
                GDALPDFDictionary* poEllipsoidDict = poEllipsoid->GetDictionary();

                GDALPDFObject* poEllipsoidDescription = poEllipsoidDict->Get("Description");
                const char* pszEllipsoidDescription = "unknown";
                if (poEllipsoidDescription != nullptr &&
                    poEllipsoidDescription->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String)
                    pszEllipsoidDescription = poEllipsoidDescription->GetString().c_str();
                CPLDebug("PDF", "Datum.Ellipsoid.Description = %s", pszEllipsoidDescription);

                double dfSemiMajor = Get(poEllipsoidDict, "SemiMajorAxis");
                CPLDebug("PDF", "Datum.Ellipsoid.SemiMajorAxis = %.16g", dfSemiMajor);
                double dfInvFlattening = -1.0;

                if( poEllipsoidDict->Get("InvFlattening") )
                {
                    dfInvFlattening = Get(poEllipsoidDict, "InvFlattening");
                    CPLDebug("PDF", "Datum.Ellipsoid.InvFlattening = %.16g", dfInvFlattening);
                }
                else if( poEllipsoidDict->Get("SemiMinorAxis") )
                {
                    double dfSemiMinor = Get(poEllipsoidDict, "SemiMinorAxis");
                    CPLDebug("PDF", "Datum.Ellipsoid.SemiMinorAxis = %.16g", dfSemiMinor);
                    dfInvFlattening = OSRCalcInvFlattening(dfSemiMajor, dfSemiMinor);
                }

                if( dfSemiMajor != 0.0 && dfInvFlattening != -1.0 )
                {
                    oSRS.SetGeogCS( "unknown",
                                    pszDatumDescription,
                                    pszEllipsoidDescription,
                                    dfSemiMajor, dfInvFlattening);
                }
                else
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                             "Invalid Ellipsoid object. Defaulting to WGS84...");
                    oSRS.SetGeogCS( "unknown",
                                    pszDatumDescription,
                                    pszEllipsoidDescription,
                                    6378137,298.257223563);
                }
            }

            GDALPDFObject* poTOWGS84 = poDatumDict->Get("ToWGS84");
            if( poTOWGS84 != nullptr && poTOWGS84->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary )
            {
                GDALPDFDictionary* poTOWGS84Dict = poTOWGS84->GetDictionary();
                double dx = Get(poTOWGS84Dict, "dx");
                double dy = Get(poTOWGS84Dict, "dy");
                double dz = Get(poTOWGS84Dict, "dz");
                if (poTOWGS84Dict->Get("rx") && poTOWGS84Dict->Get("ry") &&
                    poTOWGS84Dict->Get("rz") && poTOWGS84Dict->Get("sf"))
                {
                    double rx = Get(poTOWGS84Dict, "rx");
                    double ry = Get(poTOWGS84Dict, "ry");
                    double rz = Get(poTOWGS84Dict, "rz");
                    double sf = Get(poTOWGS84Dict, "sf");
                    oSRS.SetTOWGS84(dx, dy, dz, rx, ry, rz, sf);
                }
                else
                {
                    oSRS.SetTOWGS84(dx, dy, dz);
                }
            }
        }
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract Hemisphere attribute                                    */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CPLString osHemisphere;
    GDALPDFObject* poHemisphere = poProjDict->Get("Hemisphere");
    if( poHemisphere != nullptr &&
        poHemisphere->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String )
    {
        osHemisphere = poHemisphere->GetString();
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract ProjectionType attribute                                */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poProjectionType = poProjDict->Get("ProjectionType");
    if( poProjectionType == nullptr ||
        poProjectionType->GetType() != PDFObjectType_String )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Cannot find ProjectionType of Projection object");
        return FALSE;
    }
    CPLString osProjectionType(poProjectionType->GetString());
    CPLDebug("PDF", "Projection.ProjectionType = %s", osProjectionType.c_str());

    /* Unhandled: NONE, GEODETIC */

    if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "GEOGRAPHIC"))
    {
        /* Nothing to do */
    }

    /* Unhandled: LOCAL CARTESIAN, MG (MGRS) */

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "UT")) /* UTM */
    {
        int nZone = (int)Get(poProjDict, "Zone");
        int bNorth = EQUAL(osHemisphere, "N");
        if (bIsWGS84)
            oSRS.importFromEPSG( ((bNorth) ? 32600 : 32700) + nZone );
        else
            oSRS.SetUTM( nZone, bNorth );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "UP")) /* Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) */
    {
        int bNorth = EQUAL(osHemisphere, "N");
        if (bIsWGS84)
            oSRS.importFromEPSG( (bNorth) ? 32661 : 32761 );
        else
            oSRS.SetPS( (bNorth) ? 90 : -90, 0,
                        0.994, 200000, 200000 );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "SPCS")) /* State Plane */
    {
        int nZone = (int)Get(poProjDict, "Zone");
        oSRS.SetStatePlane( nZone, bIsNAD83 );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "AC")) /* Albers Equal Area Conic */
    {
        double dfStdP1 = Get(poProjDict, "StandardParallelOne");
        double dfStdP2 = Get(poProjDict, "StandardParallelTwo");
        double dfCenterLat = Get(poProjDict, "OriginLatitude");
        double dfCenterLong = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetACEA( dfStdP1, dfStdP2,
                     dfCenterLat, dfCenterLong,
                     dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "AL")) /* Azimuthal Equidistant */
    {
        double dfCenterLat = Get(poProjDict, "OriginLatitude");
        double dfCenterLong = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetAE(  dfCenterLat, dfCenterLong,
                     dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "BF")) /* Bonne */
    {
        double dfStdP1 = Get(poProjDict, "OriginLatitude");
        double dfCentralMeridian = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetBonne( dfStdP1, dfCentralMeridian,
                       dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "CS")) /* Cassini */
    {
        double dfCenterLat = Get(poProjDict, "OriginLatitude");
        double dfCenterLong = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetCS(  dfCenterLat, dfCenterLong,
                     dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "LI")) /* Cylindrical Equal Area */
    {
        double dfStdP1 = Get(poProjDict, "OriginLatitude");
        double dfCentralMeridian = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetCEA( dfStdP1, dfCentralMeridian,
                     dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "EF")) /* Eckert IV */
    {
        double dfCentralMeridian = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetEckertIV( dfCentralMeridian,
                          dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "ED")) /* Eckert VI */
    {
        double dfCentralMeridian = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetEckertVI( dfCentralMeridian,
                          dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "CP")) /* Equidistant Cylindrical */
    {
        double dfCenterLat = Get(poProjDict, "StandardParallel");
        double dfCenterLong = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetEquirectangular( dfCenterLat, dfCenterLong,
                                 dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "GN")) /* Gnomonic */
    {
        double dfCenterLat = Get(poProjDict, "OriginLatitude");
        double dfCenterLong = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetGnomonic(dfCenterLat, dfCenterLong,
                         dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "LE")) /* Lambert Conformal Conic */
    {
        double dfStdP1 = Get(poProjDict, "StandardParallelOne");
        double dfStdP2 = Get(poProjDict, "StandardParallelTwo");
        double dfCenterLat = Get(poProjDict, "OriginLatitude");
        double dfCenterLong = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetLCC( dfStdP1, dfStdP2,
                     dfCenterLat, dfCenterLong,
                     dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "MC")) /* Mercator */
    {
#ifdef not_supported
        if (poProjDict->Get("StandardParallelOne") == nullptr)
#endif
        {
        double dfCenterLat = Get(poProjDict, "OriginLatitude");
        double dfCenterLong = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfScale = Get(poProjDict, "ScaleFactor");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetMercator( dfCenterLat, dfCenterLong,
                          dfScale,
                          dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
        }
#ifdef not_supported
        else
        {
            double dfStdP1 = Get(poProjDict, "StandardParallelOne");
            double dfCenterLat = poProjDict->Get("OriginLatitude") ? Get(poProjDict, "OriginLatitude") : 0;
            double dfCenterLong = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
            double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
            double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
            oSRS.SetMercator2SP( dfStdP1,
                                 dfCenterLat, dfCenterLong,
                                 dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
        }
#endif
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "MH")) /* Miller Cylindrical */
    {
        double dfCenterLat = 0 /* ? */;
        double dfCenterLong = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetMC( dfCenterLat, dfCenterLong,
                    dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "MP")) /* Mollweide */
    {
        double dfCentralMeridian = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetMollweide( dfCentralMeridian,
                           dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    /* Unhandled:  "NY" : Ney's (Modified Lambert Conformal Conic) */

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "NT")) /* New Zealand Map Grid */
    {
        /* No parameter specified in the PDF, so let's take the ones of EPSG:27200 */
        double dfCenterLat = -41;
        double dfCenterLong = 173;
        double dfFalseEasting = 2510000;
        double dfFalseNorthing = 6023150;
        oSRS.SetNZMG( dfCenterLat, dfCenterLong,
                      dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "OC")) /* Oblique Mercator */
    {
        double dfCenterLat = Get(poProjDict, "OriginLatitude");
        double dfLat1 = Get(poProjDict, "LatitudeOne");
        double dfLong1 = Get(poProjDict, "LongitudeOne");
        double dfLat2 = Get(poProjDict, "LatitudeTwo");
        double dfLong2 = Get(poProjDict, "LongitudeTwo");
        double dfScale = Get(poProjDict, "ScaleFactor");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetHOM2PNO( dfCenterLat,
                         dfLat1, dfLong1,
                         dfLat2, dfLong2,
                         dfScale,
                         dfFalseEasting,
                         dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "OD")) /* Orthographic */
    {
        double dfCenterLat = Get(poProjDict, "OriginLatitude");
        double dfCenterLong = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetOrthographic( dfCenterLat, dfCenterLong,
                           dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "PG")) /* Polar Stereographic */
    {
        double dfCenterLat = Get(poProjDict, "LatitudeTrueScale");
        double dfCenterLong = Get(poProjDict, "LongitudeDownFromPole");
        double dfScale = 1.0;
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetPS( dfCenterLat, dfCenterLong,
                    dfScale,
                    dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing);
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "PH")) /* Polyconic */
    {
        double dfCenterLat = Get(poProjDict, "OriginLatitude");
        double dfCenterLong = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetPolyconic( dfCenterLat, dfCenterLong,
                           dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "SA")) /* Sinusoidal */
    {
        double dfCenterLong = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetSinusoidal( dfCenterLong,
                           dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "SD")) /* Stereographic */
    {
        double dfCenterLat = Get(poProjDict, "OriginLatitude");
        double dfCenterLong = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfScale = 1.0;
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetStereographic( dfCenterLat, dfCenterLong,
                               dfScale,
                               dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing);
    }

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "TC")) /* Transverse Mercator */
    {
        double dfCenterLat = Get(poProjDict, "OriginLatitude");
        double dfCenterLong = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfScale = Get(poProjDict, "ScaleFactor");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        if (dfCenterLat == 0.0 && dfScale == 0.9996 && dfFalseEasting == 500000 &&
            (dfFalseNorthing == 0.0 || dfFalseNorthing == 10000000.0))
        {
            int nZone = (int) floor( (dfCenterLong + 180.0) / 6.0 ) + 1;
            int bNorth = dfFalseNorthing == 0;
            if (bIsWGS84)
                oSRS.importFromEPSG( ((bNorth) ? 32600 : 32700) + nZone );
            else if (bIsNAD83 && bNorth)
                oSRS.importFromEPSG( 26900 + nZone );
            else
                oSRS.SetUTM( nZone, bNorth );
        }
        else
        {
            oSRS.SetTM( dfCenterLat, dfCenterLong,
                        dfScale,
                        dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
        }
    }

    /* Unhandled TX : Transverse Cylindrical Equal Area */

    else if (EQUAL(osProjectionType, "VA")) /* Van der Grinten */
    {
        double dfCenterLong = Get(poProjDict, "CentralMeridian");
        double dfFalseEasting = Get(poProjDict, "FalseEasting");
        double dfFalseNorthing = Get(poProjDict, "FalseNorthing");
        oSRS.SetVDG( dfCenterLong,
                     dfFalseEasting, dfFalseNorthing );
    }

    else
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Unhandled (yet) value for ProjectionType : %s",
                 osProjectionType.c_str());
        return FALSE;
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract Units attribute                                         */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CPLString osUnits;
    GDALPDFObject* poUnits = poProjDict->Get("Units");
    if( poUnits != nullptr &&
        poUnits->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String &&
        !EQUAL(osProjectionType, "GEOGRAPHIC") )
    {
        osUnits = poUnits->GetString();
        CPLDebug("PDF", "Projection.Units = %s", osUnits.c_str());

        // This is super weird. The false easting/northing of the SRS
        // are expressed in the unit, but the geotransform is expressed in
        // meters. Hence this hack to have an equivalent SRS definition, but
        // with linear units converted in meters.
        if (EQUAL(osUnits, "M"))
            oSRS.SetLinearUnits( "Meter", 1.0 );
        else if (EQUAL(osUnits, "FT"))
        {
            oSRS.SetLinearUnits( "foot", 0.3048 );
            oSRS.SetLinearUnitsAndUpdateParameters( "Meter", 1.0 );
        }
        else if (EQUAL(osUnits, "USSF"))
        {
            oSRS.SetLinearUnits( SRS_UL_US_FOOT, CPLAtof(SRS_UL_US_FOOT_CONV) );
            oSRS.SetLinearUnitsAndUpdateParameters( "Meter", 1.0 );
        }
        else
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined, "Unhandled unit: %s", osUnits.c_str());
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Export SpatialRef                                               */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CPLFree(pszWKT);
    pszWKT = nullptr;
    if (oSRS.exportToWkt(&pszWKT) != OGRERR_NONE)
    {
        CPLFree(pszWKT);
        pszWKT = nullptr;
    }

    return TRUE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              ParseVP()                               */
/************************************************************************/

int PDFDataset::ParseVP(GDALPDFObject* poVP, double dfMediaBoxWidth, double dfMediaBoxHeight)
{
    int i;

    if (poVP->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Array)
        return FALSE;

    GDALPDFArray* poVPArray = poVP->GetArray();

    int nLength = poVPArray->GetLength();
    CPLDebug("PDF", "VP length = %d", nLength);
    if (nLength < 1)
        return FALSE;

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Find the largest BBox                                           */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    const char* pszNeatlineToSelect =
        GetOption(papszOpenOptions, "NEATLINE", "Map Layers");

    int iLargest = 0;
    int iRequestedVP = -1;
    double dfLargestArea = 0;

    for(i=0;i<nLength;i++)
    {
        GDALPDFObject* poVPElt = poVPArray->Get(i);
        if (poVPElt == nullptr || poVPElt->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
        {
            return FALSE;
        }

        GDALPDFDictionary* poVPEltDict = poVPElt->GetDictionary();

        GDALPDFObject* poMeasure = poVPEltDict->Get("Measure");
        if( poMeasure == nullptr ||
            poMeasure->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Dictionary )
        {
            continue;
        }
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract Subtype attribute                                       */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
        GDALPDFDictionary* poMeasureDict = poMeasure->GetDictionary();
        GDALPDFObject* poSubtype = poMeasureDict->Get("Subtype");
        if( poSubtype == nullptr ||
            poSubtype->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Name )
        {
            continue;
        }

        CPLDebug("PDF", "Subtype = %s", poSubtype->GetName().c_str());
        if( !EQUAL(poSubtype->GetName(), "GEO") )
        {
            continue;
        }

        GDALPDFObject* poName = poVPEltDict->Get("Name");
        if( poName != nullptr &&
            poName->GetType() == PDFObjectType_String )
        {
            CPLDebug("PDF", "Name = %s", poName->GetString().c_str());
            if( EQUAL(poName->GetString().c_str(), pszNeatlineToSelect) ) {
                iRequestedVP = i;
            }
        }

        GDALPDFObject* poBBox = poVPEltDict->Get("BBox");
        if( poBBox == nullptr ||
            poBBox->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Array )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Cannot find Bbox object");
            return FALSE;
        }

        int nBboxLength = poBBox->GetArray()->GetLength();
        if (nBboxLength != 4)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Invalid length for Bbox object");
            return FALSE;
        }

        double adfBBox[4];
        adfBBox[0] = Get(poBBox, 0);
        adfBBox[1] = Get(poBBox, 1);
        adfBBox[2] = Get(poBBox, 2);
        adfBBox[3] = Get(poBBox, 3);
        double dfArea = fabs(adfBBox[2] - adfBBox[0]) * fabs(adfBBox[3] - adfBBox[1]);
        if (dfArea > dfLargestArea)
        {
            iLargest = i;
            dfLargestArea = dfArea;
        }
    }

    if (nLength > 1)
    {
        CPLDebug("PDF", "Largest BBox in VP array is element %d", iLargest);
    }

    GDALPDFObject* poVPElt = nullptr;

    if (iRequestedVP > -1) {
        CPLDebug("PDF", "Requested NEATLINE BBox in VP array is element %d", iRequestedVP);
        poVPElt = poVPArray->Get(iRequestedVP);
    } else {
        poVPElt = poVPArray->Get(iLargest);
    }

    if (poVPElt == nullptr || poVPElt->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Dictionary)
    {
        return FALSE;
    }

    GDALPDFDictionary* poVPEltDict = poVPElt->GetDictionary();

    GDALPDFObject* poBBox = poVPEltDict->Get("BBox");
    if( poBBox == nullptr ||
        poBBox->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Array )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                "Cannot find Bbox object");
        return FALSE;
    }

    int nBboxLength = poBBox->GetArray()->GetLength();
    if (nBboxLength != 4)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                "Invalid length for Bbox object");
        return FALSE;
    }

    double dfULX = Get(poBBox, 0);
    double dfULY = dfMediaBoxHeight - Get(poBBox, 1);
    double dfLRX = Get(poBBox, 2);
    double dfLRY = dfMediaBoxHeight - Get(poBBox, 3);

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract Measure attribute                                       */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poMeasure = poVPEltDict->Get("Measure");
    if( poMeasure == nullptr ||
        poMeasure->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Dictionary )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Cannot find Measure object");
        return FALSE;
    }

    int bRet = ParseMeasure(poMeasure, dfMediaBoxWidth, dfMediaBoxHeight,
                            dfULX, dfULY, dfLRX, dfLRY);

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract PointData attribute                                     */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poPointData = poVPEltDict->Get("PtData");
    if( poPointData != nullptr &&
        poPointData->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Dictionary )
    {
        CPLDebug("PDF", "Found PointData");
    }

    return bRet;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           ParseMeasure()                             */
/************************************************************************/

int PDFDataset::ParseMeasure(GDALPDFObject* poMeasure,
                             double dfMediaBoxWidth, double dfMediaBoxHeight,
                             double dfULX, double dfULY, double dfLRX, double dfLRY)
{
    GDALPDFDictionary* poMeasureDict = poMeasure->GetDictionary();

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract Subtype attribute                                       */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poSubtype = poMeasureDict->Get("Subtype");
    if( poSubtype == nullptr ||
        poSubtype->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Name )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Cannot find Subtype object");
        return FALSE;
    }

    CPLDebug("PDF", "Subtype = %s", poSubtype->GetName().c_str());
    if( !EQUAL(poSubtype->GetName(), "GEO") )
        return FALSE;

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract Bounds attribute (optional)                             */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    /* http://acrobatusers.com/sites/default/files/gallery_pictures/SEVERODVINSK.pdf */
    /* has lgit:LPTS, lgit:GPTS and lgit:Bounds that have more precision than */
    /* LPTS, GPTS and Bounds. Use those ones */

    GDALPDFObject* poBounds = poMeasureDict->Get("lgit:Bounds");
    if( poBounds != nullptr &&
        poBounds->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Array )
    {
        CPLDebug("PDF", "Using lgit:Bounds");
    }
    else if( (poBounds = poMeasureDict->Get("Bounds")) == nullptr ||
              poBounds->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Array )
    {
        poBounds = nullptr;
    }

    if (poBounds != nullptr)
    {
        int nBoundsLength = poBounds->GetArray()->GetLength();
        if (nBoundsLength == 8)
        {
            double adfBounds[8];
            for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
            {
                adfBounds[i] = Get(poBounds, i);
                CPLDebug("PDF", "Bounds[%d] = %f", i, adfBounds[i]);
            }

            // TODO we should use it to restrict the neatline but
            // I have yet to set a sample where bounds are not the four
            // corners of the unit square.
        }
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract GPTS attribute                                          */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poGPTS = poMeasureDict->Get("lgit:GPTS");
    if( poGPTS != nullptr &&
        poGPTS->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Array )
    {
        CPLDebug("PDF", "Using lgit:GPTS");
    }
    else if( (poGPTS = poMeasureDict->Get("GPTS")) == nullptr ||
              poGPTS->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Array )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Cannot find GPTS object");
        return FALSE;
    }

    int nGPTSLength = poGPTS->GetArray()->GetLength();
    if ((nGPTSLength % 2) != 0 || nGPTSLength < 6)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Invalid length for GPTS object");
        return FALSE;
    }

    std::vector<double> adfGPTS(nGPTSLength);
    for(int i=0;i<nGPTSLength;i++)
    {
        adfGPTS[i] = Get(poGPTS, i);
        CPLDebug("PDF", "GPTS[%d] = %.18f", i, adfGPTS[i]);
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract LPTS attribute                                          */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poLPTS = poMeasureDict->Get("lgit:LPTS");
    if( poLPTS != nullptr && poLPTS->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Array )
    {
        CPLDebug("PDF", "Using lgit:LPTS");
    }
    else if( (poLPTS = poMeasureDict->Get("LPTS")) == nullptr ||
              poLPTS->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Array )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Cannot find LPTS object");
        return FALSE;
    }

    int nLPTSLength = poLPTS->GetArray()->GetLength();
    if (nLPTSLength != nGPTSLength)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Invalid length for LPTS object");
        return FALSE;
    }

    std::vector<double> adfLPTS(nLPTSLength);
    for(int i=0;i<nLPTSLength;i++)
    {
        adfLPTS[i] = Get(poLPTS, i);
        CPLDebug("PDF", "LPTS[%d] = %f", i, adfLPTS[i]);
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract GCS attribute                                           */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poGCS = poMeasureDict->Get("GCS");
    if( poGCS == nullptr || poGCS->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Dictionary )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Cannot find GCS object");
        return FALSE;
    }

    GDALPDFDictionary* poGCSDict = poGCS->GetDictionary();

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract GCS.Type attribute                                      */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poGCSType = poGCSDict->Get("Type");
    if( poGCSType == nullptr || poGCSType->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Name )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Cannot find GCS.Type object");
        return FALSE;
    }

    CPLDebug("PDF", "GCS.Type = %s", poGCSType->GetName().c_str());

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract EPSG attribute                                          */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poEPSG = poGCSDict->Get("EPSG");
    int nEPSGCode = 0;
    if( poEPSG != nullptr && poEPSG->GetType() == PDFObjectType_Int )
    {
        nEPSGCode = poEPSG->GetInt();
        CPLDebug("PDF", "GCS.EPSG = %d", nEPSGCode);
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Extract GCS.WKT attribute                                       */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALPDFObject* poGCSWKT = poGCSDict->Get("WKT");
    if( poGCSWKT != nullptr &&
        poGCSWKT->GetType() != PDFObjectType_String )
    {
        poGCSWKT = nullptr;
    }

    if (poGCSWKT != nullptr)
        CPLDebug("PDF", "GCS.WKT = %s", poGCSWKT->GetString().c_str());

    if (nEPSGCode <= 0 && poGCSWKT == nullptr)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Cannot find GCS.WKT or GCS.EPSG objects");
        return FALSE;
    }

    OGRSpatialReference oSRS;
    oSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    int bSRSOK = FALSE;
    if (nEPSGCode != 0 &&
        oSRS.importFromEPSG(nEPSGCode) == OGRERR_NONE)
    {
        bSRSOK = TRUE;
        CPLFree(pszWKT);
        pszWKT = nullptr;
        oSRS.exportToWkt(&pszWKT);
    }
    else
    {
        if (poGCSWKT == nullptr)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Cannot resolve EPSG object, and GCS.WKT not found");
            return FALSE;
        }

        CPLFree(pszWKT);
        pszWKT = CPLStrdup(poGCSWKT->GetString().c_str());
    }

    if (!bSRSOK)
    {
        if (oSRS.importFromWkt(pszWKT) != OGRERR_NONE)
        {
            CPLFree(pszWKT);
            pszWKT = nullptr;
            return FALSE;
        }
    }

    /* For http://www.avenza.com/sites/default/files/spatialpdf/US_County_Populations.pdf */
    /* or http://www.agmkt.state.ny.us/soilwater/aem/gis_mapping_tools/HUC12_Albany.pdf */
    const char* pszDatum = oSRS.GetAttrValue("Datum");
    if (pszDatum && STARTS_WITH(pszDatum, "D_"))
    {
        oSRS.morphFromESRI();

        CPLFree(pszWKT);
        pszWKT = nullptr;
        if (oSRS.exportToWkt(&pszWKT) != OGRERR_NONE)
        {
            CPLFree(pszWKT);
            pszWKT = nullptr;
        }
        else
        {
            CPLDebug("PDF", "WKT after morphFromESRI() = %s", pszWKT);
        }
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Compute geotransform                                            */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    OGRSpatialReference* poSRSGeog = oSRS.CloneGeogCS();

    /* Files found at http://carto.iict.ch/blog/publications-cartographiques-au-format-geospatial-pdf/ */
    /* are in a PROJCS. However the coordinates in GPTS array are not in (lat, long) as required by the */
    /* ISO 32000 supplement spec, but in (northing, easting). Adobe reader is able to understand that, */
    /* so let's also try to do it with a heuristics. */

    bool bReproject = true;
    if (oSRS.IsProjected() )
    {
        for( int i = 0; i < nGPTSLength / 2; i++ )
        {
            if( fabs(adfGPTS[2 * i]) > 91 || fabs(adfGPTS[2 * i + 1]) > 361 )
            {
                CPLDebug("PDF", "GPTS coordinates seems to be in (northing, easting), which is non-standard");
                bReproject = false;
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    OGRCoordinateTransformation* poCT = nullptr;
    if (bReproject)
    {
        poCT = OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation( poSRSGeog, &oSRS);
        if (poCT == nullptr)
        {
            delete poSRSGeog;
            CPLFree(pszWKT);
            pszWKT = nullptr;
            return FALSE;
        }
    }

    std::vector<GDAL_GCP> asGCPS(nGPTSLength/ 2);

    /* Create NEATLINE */
    OGRLinearRing* poRing = nullptr;
    if( nGPTSLength == 8 )
    {
        poNeatLine = new OGRPolygon();
        poRing = new OGRLinearRing();
        poNeatLine->addRingDirectly(poRing);
    }

    for(int i=0;i<nGPTSLength/ 2;i++)
    {
        /* We probably assume LPTS is 0 or 1 */
        asGCPS[i].dfGCPPixel = (dfULX * (1 - adfLPTS[2*i+0]) + dfLRX * adfLPTS[2*i+0]) / dfMediaBoxWidth * nRasterXSize;
        asGCPS[i].dfGCPLine  = (dfULY * (1 - adfLPTS[2*i+1]) + dfLRY * adfLPTS[2*i+1]) / dfMediaBoxHeight * nRasterYSize;

        double lat = adfGPTS[2*i];
        double lon = adfGPTS[2*i+1];
        double x = lon;
        double y = lat;
        if (bReproject)
        {
            if (!poCT->Transform(1, &x, &y, nullptr))
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                        "Cannot reproject (%f, %f)", lon, lat);
                delete poSRSGeog;
                delete poCT;
                CPLFree(pszWKT);
                pszWKT = nullptr;
                return FALSE;
            }
        }

        x = ROUND_TO_INT_IF_CLOSE(x);
        y = ROUND_TO_INT_IF_CLOSE(y);

        asGCPS[i].dfGCPX     = x;
        asGCPS[i].dfGCPY     = y;

        if( poRing )
            poRing->addPoint(x, y);
    }

    delete poSRSGeog;
    delete poCT;

    if (!GDALGCPsToGeoTransform( nGPTSLength/ 2, asGCPS.data(),
                               adfGeoTransform, FALSE))
    {
        CPLDebug("PDF", "Could not compute GT with exact match. Try with approximate");
        if (!GDALGCPsToGeoTransform( nGPTSLength/ 2, asGCPS.data(),
                               adfGeoTransform, TRUE))
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Could not compute GT with approximate match.");
            return FALSE;
        }
    }
    bGeoTransformValid = TRUE;

    // If the non scaling terms of the geotransform are significantly smaller
    // than the pixel size, then nullify them as being just artifacts of
    //  reprojection and GDALGCPsToGeoTransform() numerical imprecisions.
    const double dfPixelSize =
        std::min(fabs(adfGeoTransform[1]), fabs(adfGeoTransform[5]));
    const double dfRotationShearTerm =
        std::max(fabs(adfGeoTransform[2]), fabs(adfGeoTransform[4]));
    if( dfRotationShearTerm < 1e-5 * dfPixelSize ||
        (bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PDFIUM) &&
         std::min(fabs(adfGeoTransform[2]),
                  fabs(adfGeoTransform[4])) < 1e-5 * dfPixelSize) )
    {
        dfLRX = adfGeoTransform[0] + nRasterXSize * adfGeoTransform[1] + nRasterYSize * adfGeoTransform[2];
        dfLRY = adfGeoTransform[3] + nRasterXSize * adfGeoTransform[4] + nRasterYSize * adfGeoTransform[5];
        adfGeoTransform[1] = (dfLRX - adfGeoTransform[0]) / nRasterXSize;
        adfGeoTransform[5] = (dfLRY - adfGeoTransform[3]) / nRasterYSize;
        adfGeoTransform[2] = adfGeoTransform[4] = 0;
    }

    return TRUE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetProjectionRef()                          */
/************************************************************************/

const char* PDFDataset::_GetProjectionRef()
{
    const char* pszPAMProjection = GDALPamDataset::_GetProjectionRef();
    if( pszPAMProjection != nullptr && pszPAMProjection[0] != '\0' )
        return pszPAMProjection;

    if (pszWKT && bGeoTransformValid)
        return pszWKT;
    return "";
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetGeoTransform()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDFDataset::GetGeoTransform( double * padfTransform )

{
    if( GDALPamDataset::GetGeoTransform( padfTransform ) == CE_None )
    {
        return CE_None;
    }

    memcpy(padfTransform, adfGeoTransform, 6 * sizeof(double));

    return( (bGeoTransformValid) ? CE_None : CE_Failure );
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            SetProjection()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDFDataset::_SetProjection(const char* pszWKTIn)
{
    if( eAccess == GA_ReadOnly )
        GDALPamDataset::_SetProjection(pszWKTIn);

    CPLFree(pszWKT);
    pszWKT = pszWKTIn ? CPLStrdup(pszWKTIn) : CPLStrdup("");
    bProjDirty = TRUE;
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          SetGeoTransform()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDFDataset::SetGeoTransform(double* padfGeoTransform)
{
    if( eAccess == GA_ReadOnly )
        GDALPamDataset::SetGeoTransform(padfGeoTransform);

    memcpy(adfGeoTransform, padfGeoTransform, 6 * sizeof(double));
    bGeoTransformValid = TRUE;
    bProjDirty = TRUE;

    /* Reset NEATLINE if not explicitly set by the user */
    if (!bNeatLineDirty)
        SetMetadataItem("NEATLINE", nullptr);
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GetMetadataDomainList()                         */
/************************************************************************/

char **PDFDataset::GetMetadataDomainList()
{
    return BuildMetadataDomainList(GDALPamDataset::GetMetadataDomainList(),
                                   TRUE,
                                   "xml:XMP", "LAYERS", "EMBEDDED_METADATA", nullptr);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetMetadata()                              */
/************************************************************************/

char      **PDFDataset::GetMetadata( const char * pszDomain )
{
    if( pszDomain != nullptr && EQUAL(pszDomain, "EMBEDDED_METADATA") )
    {
        char** papszRet = oMDMD_PDF.GetMetadata(pszDomain);
        if( papszRet )
            return papszRet;

        GDALPDFObject* poCatalog = GetCatalog();
        if( poCatalog == nullptr )
            return nullptr;
        GDALPDFObject* poFirstElt = poCatalog->LookupObject("Names.EmbeddedFiles.Names[0]");
        GDALPDFObject* poF = poCatalog->LookupObject("Names.EmbeddedFiles.Names[1].EF.F");

        if( poFirstElt == nullptr || poFirstElt->GetType() != PDFObjectType_String ||
            poFirstElt->GetString() != "Metadata" )
            return nullptr;
        if( poF == nullptr || poF->GetType() != PDFObjectType_Dictionary )
            return nullptr;
        GDALPDFStream* poStream = poF->GetStream();
        if( poStream == nullptr )
            return nullptr;

        char* apszMetadata[2] = { nullptr, nullptr };
        apszMetadata[0] = poStream->GetBytes();
        oMDMD_PDF.SetMetadata(apszMetadata, pszDomain);
        VSIFree(apszMetadata[0]);
        return oMDMD_PDF.GetMetadata(pszDomain);
    }
    if( pszDomain == nullptr || EQUAL(pszDomain, "") )
    {
        char** papszPAMMD = GDALPamDataset::GetMetadata(pszDomain);
        for(char** papszIter = papszPAMMD;
            papszIter && *papszIter;
            ++papszIter )
        {
            char* pszKey = nullptr;
            const char* pszValue = CPLParseNameValue(*papszIter, &pszKey);
            if( pszKey && pszValue )
            {
                if( oMDMD_PDF.GetMetadataItem( pszKey, pszDomain ) == nullptr )
                    oMDMD_PDF.SetMetadataItem( pszKey, pszValue, pszDomain );
            }
            CPLFree(pszKey);
        }
        return oMDMD_PDF.GetMetadata(pszDomain);
    }
    if( EQUAL(pszDomain, "LAYERS") ||
        EQUAL(pszDomain, "xml:XMP") ||
        EQUAL(pszDomain, "SUBDATASETS") )
    {
        return oMDMD_PDF.GetMetadata(pszDomain);
    }
    return GDALPamDataset::GetMetadata(pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            SetMetadata()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr      PDFDataset::SetMetadata( char ** papszMetadata,
                                     const char * pszDomain )
{
    if (pszDomain == nullptr || EQUAL(pszDomain, ""))
    {
        char** papszMetadataDup = CSLDuplicate(papszMetadata);
        oMDMD_PDF.SetMetadata(nullptr, pszDomain);

        for(char** papszIter = papszMetadataDup;
            papszIter && *papszIter;
            ++papszIter )
        {
            char* pszKey = nullptr;
            const char* pszValue = CPLParseNameValue(*papszIter, &pszKey);
            if( pszKey && pszValue )
            {
                SetMetadataItem( pszKey, pszValue, pszDomain );
            }
            CPLFree(pszKey);
        }
        CSLDestroy(papszMetadataDup);
        return CE_None;
    }
    else if (EQUAL(pszDomain, "xml:XMP"))
    {
        bXMPDirty = TRUE;
        return oMDMD_PDF.SetMetadata(papszMetadata, pszDomain);
    }
    else if (EQUAL(pszDomain, "SUBDATASETS") )
    {
        return oMDMD_PDF.SetMetadata(papszMetadata, pszDomain);
    }
    else
    {
        return GDALPamDataset::SetMetadata(papszMetadata, pszDomain);
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetMetadataItem()                           */
/************************************************************************/

const char *PDFDataset::GetMetadataItem( const char * pszName,
                                         const char * pszDomain )
{
    if( pszDomain != nullptr && EQUAL(pszDomain, "_INTERNAL_") &&
        pszName != nullptr && EQUAL(pszName, "PDF_LIB") )
    {
        if(bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_POPPLER))
            return "POPPLER";
        if(bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PODOFO))
            return "PODOFO";
        if(bUseLib.test(PDFLIB_PDFIUM))
            return "PDFIUM";
    }
    return CSLFetchNameValue( GetMetadata(pszDomain), pszName );
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          SetMetadataItem()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr      PDFDataset::SetMetadataItem( const char * pszName,
                                         const char * pszValue,
                                         const char * pszDomain )
{
    if (pszDomain == nullptr || EQUAL(pszDomain, ""))
    {
        if (EQUAL(pszName, "NEATLINE"))
        {
            const char* pszOldValue = oMDMD_PDF.GetMetadataItem(pszName, pszDomain);
            if( (pszValue == nullptr && pszOldValue != nullptr) ||
                (pszValue != nullptr && pszOldValue == nullptr) ||
                (pszValue != nullptr && pszOldValue != nullptr &&
                 strcmp(pszValue, pszOldValue) != 0) )
            {
                bProjDirty = TRUE;
                bNeatLineDirty = TRUE;
            }
            return oMDMD_PDF.SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
        }
        else
        {
            if( EQUAL(pszName, "AUTHOR") ||
                EQUAL(pszName, "PRODUCER") ||
                EQUAL(pszName, "CREATOR") ||
                EQUAL(pszName, "CREATION_DATE") ||
                EQUAL(pszName, "SUBJECT") ||
                EQUAL(pszName, "TITLE") ||
                EQUAL(pszName, "KEYWORDS") )
            {
                if (pszValue == nullptr)
                    pszValue = "";
                const char* pszOldValue = oMDMD_PDF.GetMetadataItem(pszName, pszDomain);
                if( pszOldValue == nullptr ||
                    strcmp(pszValue, pszOldValue) != 0 )
                {
                    bInfoDirty = TRUE;
                }
                return oMDMD_PDF.SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
            }
            else if( EQUAL(pszName, "DPI") )
            {
                return oMDMD_PDF.SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
            }
            else
            {
                oMDMD_PDF.SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
                return GDALPamDataset::SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
            }
        }
    }
    else if (EQUAL(pszDomain, "xml:XMP"))
    {
        bXMPDirty = TRUE;
        return oMDMD_PDF.SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
    }
    else if (EQUAL(pszDomain, "SUBDATASETS"))
    {
        return oMDMD_PDF.SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
    }
    else
    {
        return GDALPamDataset::SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetGCPCount()                             */
/************************************************************************/

int PDFDataset::GetGCPCount()
{
    return nGCPCount;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetGCPProjection()                          */
/************************************************************************/

const char * PDFDataset::_GetGCPProjection()
{
    if (pszWKT != nullptr && nGCPCount != 0)
        return pszWKT;
    return "";
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetGCPs()                               */
/************************************************************************/

const GDAL_GCP * PDFDataset::GetGCPs()
{
    return pasGCPList;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                               SetGCPs()                              */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDFDataset::_SetGCPs( int nGCPCountIn, const GDAL_GCP *pasGCPListIn,
                            const char *pszGCPProjectionIn )
{
    const char* pszGEO_ENCODING =
        CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_PDF_GEO_ENCODING", "ISO32000");
    if( nGCPCountIn != 4 && EQUAL(pszGEO_ENCODING, "ISO32000"))
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "PDF driver only supports writing 4 GCPs when "
                 "GDAL_PDF_GEO_ENCODING=ISO32000.");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    /* Free previous GCPs */
    GDALDeinitGCPs( nGCPCount, pasGCPList );
    CPLFree( pasGCPList );

    /* Duplicate in GCPs */
    nGCPCount = nGCPCountIn;
    pasGCPList = GDALDuplicateGCPs(nGCPCount, pasGCPListIn);

    CPLFree(pszWKT);
    pszWKT = CPLStrdup(pszGCPProjectionIn);

    bProjDirty = TRUE;

    /* Reset NEATLINE if not explicitly set by the user */
    if (!bNeatLineDirty)
        SetMetadataItem("NEATLINE", nullptr);

    return CE_None;
}

#endif // #ifdef HAVE_PDF_READ_SUPPORT

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GDALPDFOpen()                               */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset* GDALPDFOpen(
#ifdef HAVE_PDF_READ_SUPPORT
                         const char* pszFilename,
                         GDALAccess eAccess
#else
                         CPL_UNUSED const char* pszFilename,
                         CPL_UNUSED GDALAccess eAccess
#endif
                         )
{
#ifdef HAVE_PDF_READ_SUPPORT
    GDALOpenInfo oOpenInfo(pszFilename, eAccess);
    return PDFDataset::Open(&oOpenInfo);
#else
    return nullptr;
#endif
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALPDFUnloadDriver()                          */
/************************************************************************/

static void GDALPDFUnloadDriver(CPL_UNUSED GDALDriver * poDriver)
{
#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER
    if( hGlobalParamsMutex != nullptr )
        CPLDestroyMutex(hGlobalParamsMutex);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
    if(PDFDataset::bPdfiumInit) {
        CPLCreateOrAcquireMutex(&g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex, PDFIUM_MUTEX_TIMEOUT);
        // Destroy every loaded document or page
        TMapPdfiumDatasets::iterator itDoc;
        TMapPdfiumPages::iterator itPage;
        for(itDoc = g_mPdfiumDatasets.begin(); itDoc != g_mPdfiumDatasets.end(); ++itDoc) {
          TPdfiumDocumentStruct* pDoc = itDoc->second;
          for(itPage = pDoc->pages.begin(); itPage != pDoc->pages.end(); ++itPage) {
            TPdfiumPageStruct* pPage = itPage->second;

            CPLCreateOrAcquireMutex(&g_oPdfiumReadMutex, PDFIUM_MUTEX_TIMEOUT);
            CPLCreateOrAcquireMutex(&(pPage->readMutex), PDFIUM_MUTEX_TIMEOUT);
            CPLReleaseMutex(pPage->readMutex);
            CPLDestroyMutex(pPage->readMutex);
            FPDF_ClosePage(FPDFPageFromIPDFPage(pPage->page));
            delete pPage;
            CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumReadMutex);
          } // ~ foreach page

          FPDF_CloseDocument(FPDFDocumentFromCPDFDocument(pDoc->doc));
          CPLFree(pDoc->filename);
          VSIFCloseL((VSILFILE*)pDoc->psFileAccess->m_Param);
          delete pDoc->psFileAccess;
          pDoc->pages.clear();

          delete pDoc;
        } // ~ foreach document
        g_mPdfiumDatasets.clear();
        FPDF_DestroyLibrary();
        PDFDataset::bPdfiumInit = FALSE;

        CPLReleaseMutex(g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex);

        if( g_oPdfiumReadMutex )
            CPLDestroyMutex(g_oPdfiumReadMutex);
        CPLDestroyMutex(g_oPdfiumLoadDocMutex);
    }
#endif
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           PDFSanitizeLayerName()                     */
/************************************************************************/

CPLString PDFSanitizeLayerName(const char* pszName)
{
    if( !CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_PDF_LAUNDER_LAYER_NAMES", "YES")) )
        return pszName;

    CPLString osName;
    for(int i=0; pszName[i] != '\0'; i++)
    {
        if (pszName[i] == ' ' || pszName[i] == '.' || pszName[i] == ',')
            osName += "_";
        else if (pszName[i] != '"')
            osName += pszName[i];
    }
    return osName;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALRegister_PDF()                           */
/************************************************************************/

void GDALRegister_PDF()

{
    if( !GDAL_CHECK_VERSION( "PDF driver" ) )
        return;

    if( GDALGetDriverByName( "PDF" ) != nullptr )
        return;

    GDALDriver *poDriver = new GDALDriver();

    poDriver->SetDescription( "PDF" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DCAP_RASTER, "YES" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DCAP_VECTOR, "YES" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_LONGNAME, "Geospatial PDF" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_HELPTOPIC, "drivers/raster/pdf.html" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_EXTENSION, "pdf" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_CREATIONDATATYPES, "Byte" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_CREATIONFIELDDATATYPES,
                               "Integer Integer64 Real String Date DateTime Time" );

#if defined(HAVE_POPPLER) || defined(HAVE_PDFIUM)
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DCAP_VIRTUALIO, "YES" );
#endif

    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DCAP_FEATURE_STYLES, "YES" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DCAP_MULTIPLE_VECTOR_LAYERS, "YES" );

#ifdef HAVE_POPPLER
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( "HAVE_POPPLER", "YES" );
#endif // HAVE_POPPLER
#ifdef HAVE_PODOFO
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( "HAVE_PODOFO", "YES" );
#endif // HAVE_PODOFO
#ifdef HAVE_PDFIUM
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( "HAVE_PDFIUM", "YES" );
#endif // HAVE_PDFIUM

    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DS_LAYER_CREATIONOPTIONLIST,
"<LayerCreationOptionList/>" );

    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_CREATIONOPTIONLIST,
"<CreationOptionList>\n"
"   <Option name='COMPRESS' type='string-select' description='Compression method for raster data' default='DEFLATE'>\n"
"     <Value>NONE</Value>\n"
"     <Value>DEFLATE</Value>\n"
"     <Value>JPEG</Value>\n"
"     <Value>JPEG2000</Value>\n"
"   </Option>\n"
"   <Option name='STREAM_COMPRESS' type='string-select' description='Compression method for stream objects' default='DEFLATE'>\n"
"     <Value>NONE</Value>\n"
"     <Value>DEFLATE</Value>\n"
"   </Option>\n"
"   <Option name='GEO_ENCODING' type='string-select' description='Format of geo-encoding' default='ISO32000'>\n"
"     <Value>NONE</Value>\n"
"     <Value>ISO32000</Value>\n"
"     <Value>OGC_BP</Value>\n"
"     <Value>BOTH</Value>\n"
"   </Option>\n"
"   <Option name='NEATLINE' type='string' description='Neatline'/>\n"
"   <Option name='DPI' type='float' description='DPI' default='72'/>\n"
"   <Option name='WRITE_USERUNIT' type='boolean' description='Whether the UserUnit parameter must be written'/>\n"
"   <Option name='PREDICTOR' type='int' description='Predictor Type (for DEFLATE compression)'/>\n"
"   <Option name='JPEG_QUALITY' type='int' description='JPEG quality 1-100' default='75'/>\n"
"   <Option name='JPEG2000_DRIVER' type='string'/>\n"
"   <Option name='TILED' type='boolean' description='Switch to tiled format' default='NO'/>\n"
"   <Option name='BLOCKXSIZE' type='int' description='Block Width'/>\n"
"   <Option name='BLOCKYSIZE' type='int' description='Block Height'/>\n"
"   <Option name='LAYER_NAME' type='string' description='Layer name for raster content'/>\n"
"   <Option name='CLIPPING_EXTENT' type='string' description='Clipping extent for main and extra rasters. Format: xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax'/>\n"
"   <Option name='EXTRA_RASTERS' type='string' description='List of extra (georeferenced) rasters.'/>\n"
"   <Option name='EXTRA_RASTERS_LAYER_NAME' type='string' description='List of layer names for the extra (georeferenced) rasters.'/>\n"
"   <Option name='EXTRA_STREAM' type='string' description='Extra data to insert into the page content stream'/>\n"
"   <Option name='EXTRA_IMAGES' type='string' description='List of image_file_name,x,y,scale[,link=some_url] (possibly repeated)'/>\n"
"   <Option name='EXTRA_LAYER_NAME' type='string' description='Layer name for extra content'/>\n"
"   <Option name='MARGIN' type='int' description='Margin around image in user units'/>\n"
"   <Option name='LEFT_MARGIN' type='int' description='Left margin in user units'/>\n"
"   <Option name='RIGHT_MARGIN' type='int' description='Right margin in user units'/>\n"
"   <Option name='TOP_MARGIN' type='int' description='Top margin in user units'/>\n"
"   <Option name='BOTTOM_MARGIN' type='int' description='Bottom margin in user units'/>\n"
"   <Option name='OGR_DATASOURCE' type='string' description='Name of OGR datasource to display on top of the raster layer'/>\n"
"   <Option name='OGR_DISPLAY_FIELD' type='string' description='Name of field to use as the display field in the feature tree'/>\n"
"   <Option name='OGR_DISPLAY_LAYER_NAMES' type='string' description='Comma separated list of OGR layer names to display in the feature tree'/>\n"
"   <Option name='OGR_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES' type='boolean' description='Whether to write attributes of OGR features' default='YES'/>\n"
"   <Option name='OGR_LINK_FIELD' type='string' description='Name of field to use as the URL field to make objects clickable.'/>\n"
"   <Option name='XMP' type='string' description='xml:XMP metadata'/>\n"
"   <Option name='WRITE_INFO' type='boolean' description='to control whether a Info block must be written' default='YES'/>\n"
"   <Option name='AUTHOR' type='string'/>\n"
"   <Option name='CREATOR' type='string'/>\n"
"   <Option name='CREATION_DATE' type='string'/>\n"
"   <Option name='KEYWORDS' type='string'/>\n"
"   <Option name='PRODUCER' type='string'/>\n"
"   <Option name='SUBJECT' type='string'/>\n"
"   <Option name='TITLE' type='string'/>\n"
"   <Option name='OFF_LAYERS' type='string' description='Comma separated list of layer names that should be initially hidden'/>\n"
"   <Option name='EXCLUSIVE_LAYERS' type='string' description='Comma separated list of layer names, such that only one of those layers can be ON at a time.'/>\n"
"   <Option name='JAVASCRIPT' type='string' description='Javascript script to embed and run at file opening'/>\n"
"   <Option name='JAVASCRIPT_FILE' type='string' description='Filename of the Javascript script to embed and run at file opening'/>\n"
"   <Option name='COMPOSITION_FILE' type='string' description='XML file describing how the PDF should be composed'/>\n"
"</CreationOptionList>\n" );

#ifdef HAVE_PDF_READ_SUPPORT
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_OPENOPTIONLIST, szOpenOptionList );
    poDriver->pfnOpen = PDFDataset::OpenWrapper;
    poDriver->pfnIdentify = PDFDataset::Identify;
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_SUBDATASETS, "YES" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DCAP_MULTIPLE_VECTOR_LAYERS, "YES" );
#endif // HAVE_PDF_READ_SUPPORT

    poDriver->pfnCreateCopy = GDALPDFCreateCopy;
    poDriver->pfnCreate = PDFWritableVectorDataset::Create;
    poDriver->pfnUnloadDriver = GDALPDFUnloadDriver;

    GetGDALDriverManager()->RegisterDriver( poDriver );
}
